Public Health England and National Health Service Blood and Transplant.

This was a prospective study of a new objective method which quantitatively analyses the upper airways in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Video-nasopharyngoscopic examinations of the upper airways of 45 patients were carried out with an endoscopic calibrator. Images of the upper airway during quiet respiration and Mueller's manoeuvre in erect and supine positions were digitized by computer to generate the actual dimensions of obstructive sites. Measurements by the new method were validated by comparing 90 pairs of videoendoscopic images with upper airway magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements at two identical levels. Quantitative precision is 100% for the retropalatal level and 95.6% for the retrolingual level with a tolerance of 0.5 cm(2) between the two methods. The absolute mean of the difference between the two methods of measurement is 0.08 cm(2) at the retropalatal level and 0.18 cm(2) at the retrolingual level. The agreement between the digital-imaging videoendoscopic and MRI measurements was 93.3% for the retropalatal level and 95.6% for the retrolingual level. Quantitative computer-assisted digital imaging is a reliable, cost-effective clinical method of upper airway evaluation in OSA patients. This method allows us to examine the dynamic and static morphology objectively, measure surgical outcomes of upper airway, opening up new avenues for OSA management.

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The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with UN practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area, or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement of those opinions by the International Labour Office. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product, or process is not a sign of disapproval. 9 War 9 Poverty 14 Education and Employment 15 Family and Friends 23 Politics and Ideology 27 Specific Features of Adolescence 29 Culture and Tradition 32 Conclusion 36 2 The Life of the Prospective Volunteer 39 War and Insecurity 39 Economic Motivation 41 Education 44 Family and Friends 48 The Military/Parties to the Conflict 54 Politics and Identity 58 Conclusion 62 vii Contents 3 The Critical Moment Outbreak of Violence 65 Lack of Income/Poverty 66 School 67 Family Events 68 Friends 71 Recruitment 71 Conclusion 73 Vignette: Sayanathen 75 4 A Complex of Risk Factors Javad's Story 77 Identifying Risk Factors and Their Linkages 79 Conclusion 82 5 Girls and Boys Religion and Ethnicity 87 Domestic Exploitation and Abuse 88 Societal Expectations and Roles 91 Protection for Self and Family 93 Education 96 Reaction to Involvement 97 Demobilization and Reintegration 98 Conclusion 100 6 The Concept of Volunteering Volunteering for What? 105 How Voluntary Is Voluntary? 108 Legal Issues 112 Conclusion 117 7 Conclusion Key Factors 123 The Right to Leave 128 Improving Socioeconomic Reintegration 129 What Prospects? 135