The relationship between educational attainment and involvement in the criminal justice system is one of the most consistent findings in the criminological literature. Contributing to this relationship is the increased and disproportionate use of exclusionary discipline, particularly among ethno-racial minorities. Exclusionary discipline is correlated with negative life outcomes however; scholars have yet to examine the impact of school discipline on behavioral outcomes across race and ethnicity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, this study addresses this gap by modeling the pathways from school exclusion to future dropout, delinquency, and criminal offending for White, Black, and Hispanic youth. Results suggest significant differences in the effect of school exclusion on future outcomes across ethno-racial groups.
Rather than serving as a deterrent, exclusionary discipline tends to lead to a host of short and long-term negative outcomes. The mechanisms which propel students from exclusionary discipline toward these negative outcomes is understudied. The negative impact of school sanctions is particularly salient among students of color; yet the reasons for this are unclear. Informed by Sherman’s defiance theory, this study utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (Add Health) to identify these mechanisms among a sample of white and black students. Results suggest that defiance theory provides a theoretically relevant framework for understanding the impact of school sanctions on future outcomes as well as how the effects vary across race.
We know from the violence literature that a distinct sex disparity exists in the perpetration of other-directed violence (ODV). Some scholars suggest that this disparity is explained in part by gendered reactions to stress, strain, or violence victimization, in which males and females engage in different coping mechanisms, with males more likely to engage in ODV than females. Using a college sample, we investigate the behavioral responses of male and female victims of psychological intimate partner abuse. We find that although there is a sex disparity in the use of ODV as a coping mechanism, there is also a distinct gender orientation disparity. Our results indicate that victims who ascribe to a masculine identity are more likely than those of a feminine identity to engage in ODV, regardless of biological sex. These findings shed light on the impact of gender orientation as both a risk and protective factor in the use of ODV.
Boys are overrepresented in school punishment, dropout, and delinquency setting them on a path towards criminal offending. There is limited research on the effect of school punishment among females and if that effect varies across gender. Informed by a labeling perspective, this study examines the effect of exclusionary discipline on dropout, delinquency, and criminal offending among males and females. Special attention is paid to the role of school bonding as a potential gendered mechanism that protects female students from negative outcomes associated with school punishment. Results suggest both similarities and differences in the effect of exclusionary discipline across gender.
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