Carbohydrates are versatile materials widely used for several applications including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and drug delivery systems due to their inherent properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, and bio-compatibility. Specifically, the urge on carbohydrate research is due to its significance in the biological system, for example, a glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix, involved in signaling pathways, cell-cell interaction and cell-matrix interaction. Because of the increase in demand of glycolipids for biological applications, in this report, a set of three structurally related gluconamide-based amphiphiles were synthesized from renewable resources, δ-gluconolactone and cashew nut shell liquid. The molecular structure of the synthesized glycolipids was characterized by NMR and mass spectral techniques. Molecular self-assembly of gluconamide-based amphiphiles was investigated relative to the molecular structure and nature of the solvent used. Interestingly, the nature of the hydrophobic tail present in the glycolipids influences the self-assembly pattern, which results in a hydrogel, organogel and highly insoluble nanorods. Gelation studies clearly revealed that the involvement of different magnitude of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and van der Waals interaction. Morphology of self-assembled architecture was investigated by optical microscopy, FESEM and FETEM analysis. The mechanism involved in the molecular self-assembly has been deduced by small angle XRD analysis. Thermo reversibility and the thixotropic nature of the derived gels were identified by rheological measurements. Further, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activity of gluconamide-based amphiphiles were studied against various pathogenic bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Over the past few decades, the scientific community is actively
involved in the development of edible structuring agents suitable
for food, cosmetics, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology
applications. In particular, edible oil structuring using simple amphiphiles
would be the best alternative for the currently used trans and saturated
fatty acids, which cause deleterious health effects and cardiovascular
problems. In this report, we have made an attempt to address the aforementioned
consequences, by synthesizing a new class of structuring agents by
a judicious combination of δ-gluconolactone and ricinoleic acid,
compounds classified as GRAS, using simple steps in good yield. To
our delight, the synthesized glycolipids self-assemble in a wide variety
of vegetable oils and commercially viable glycerol, ethylene glycol,
and polyethylene glycol via various intermolecular interactions to
form a gel. The morphology of molecular gels was investigated by optical
microscopy and FESEM analysis, which reveal the existence of a tubular
architecture with a diameter ranging from 75 to 150 nm. Rheological
studies disclosed the viscoelastic nature, thermal processability,
and thixotropic behavior of both oleogels and organogels. Altogether,
self-assembled oleogel and organogel reported in this paper would
potentially be used in food, agricultural, cosmetics, pharmaceutical,
and biotechnological applications.
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