Few B cells express CD27, the primary marker for memory B cells, in pediatric schistosomiasis, suggesting B cell malfunction. This study further demonstrates unexpected high expression of CD117 on circulating B cells in children highly exposed to Schistosoma mansoni infectious larvae.

IntroductionCurrent diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis are limited, and new tests are necessary to enhance disease diagnosis and surveillance. Identification of novel disease-specific biomarkers may facilitate the development of such tests. We evaluated a panel of biomarkers used in sepsis and parasitic diseases for their potential suitability in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.ObjectiveThe study evaluated the levels of systemic plasma biomarkers in relation to Schistosoma mansoni infection and parasite burden.MethodsSix biomarkers were measured in the plasma of children from schistosomiasis-endemic regions using ELISA. The concentration of soluble CD23 (sCD23) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was tested in 199 and 124 plasma samples, respectively, while interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (sTREM) cells, eotaxin-1, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) concentrations were tested in 30 plasma samples.ResultsThe concentration of IL-6, eotaxin-1, FABP, and LPS was similar between schistosome-infected and uninfected children. The schistosome-infected children had higher median levels of sTREM and sCD23 as compared to uninfected children, 119.0 (29.9–208.9) versus 10.7 (0.0–73.4) (p = 0.046) and 2,549.0 (1,899.0–3,356.0) vs. 2,035.0 (1,448.0–2,939.0) (p = 0.05), respectively. In addition, sTREM was positively correlated with egg density (p = 0.017).ConclusionOur data show that active schistosomiasis per se is associated with elevated levels of sTREM and sCD23. sTREM has potential diagnostic and prognostic values. However, these biomarkers did not distinguish between children with low egg burden and uninfected children.

AuClPPh 3 (5 mol%) AgSbF 6 (5 mol%) MW (50 °C), 90 min dichloroethane R 1 OH + H 2 NCbz R 1 OH + HOR 2 or or 17 examples 53-99% yield R 1 OR 2 R 1 NHCbzAbstract The use of a gold-catalyzed, microwave protocol to activate alcohols through an intermolecular, S N 1-type reaction to directly form unsymmetrical ethers and N-benzyloxy carbamate-(Cbz) protected amines is reported. Results have shown this reaction to be highly reproducible and tolerant of moisture, and moderate to high product yields (53-99%) were obtained. Significantly, the intermolecular catalytic amination of alcohols to directly afford Cbz-protected amines is heretofore unprecedented using gold catalysis.

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We demonstrate that CD193, the eotaxin receptor, is highly expressed on circulating B cells in paediatric schistosomiasis mansoni. CD193 plays a role in directing granulocytes into sites of allergic-like inflammation in the mucosa, but little is known about its functional significance on human B cells. We sought to characterize CD193 expression and its relationship with S. mansoni infection. We found that CD193+ B cells increased with the intensity of schistosome infection. In addition, a significant negative association was observed between CD193 expression by B cells and IgE production. Decreased IgE levels are generally associated with susceptibility to reinfection. B cell stimulation with eotaxin-1 increased CD193 levels whereas IL-4 led to a reduction. This was supported by plasma levels of eotaxin-1 correlating with CD193 levels on B cells and other cells. In contrast, CD193 expression was induced on naive B cells with a combination of IL-10 and schistosome antigens. Whereas T cells had a modest increase in CD193 expression, only B cell CD193 appeared functionally chemotactic to eotaxin-1. Thus, CD193+ B cells, which co-express CXCR5, may be enroute to sites with allergic-like inflammation, such as gastrointestinal follicles, or even to Th2 granulomas, which develop around parasite eggs. Overall, our results suggest that schistosome infection may promote CD193 expression and suppress IgE via IL-10 and other undefined mechanisms related to B cell trafficking. This study adds to our understanding of why young children may have poor immunity.Nonetheless, praziquantel treatment was shown to reduce percentages of circulating CD193+ B cells lending hope for future vaccine efforts.