In this study cefixime and azithromycin nanoparticles were prepared by antisolvent precipitation with syringe pump (APSP) and evaporator precipitation nanosuspension (EPN) methods. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA. X-ray diffraction pattern of cefixime samples showed the amorphous form, while azithromycin samples showed crystalline form. The FTIR spectra of parental drugs and synthesized nanoparticles have no major structural changes detected. The SEM images showed that nanoparticles of both drugs have submicron sized and nanosized particles. TGA analyses showed that above 30°C the decomposition of cefixime samples starts and their weight gradually decreases up to 600°C, while, in case of azithromycin, 30°C to 250°C, very small changes occur in weight; from above 250°C decomposition of the sample took place to a greater extent. The antibacterial activities of raw drugs and prepared samples of nanoparticles were determined againstStaphylococcus aureus,Shigella,E. coli, andSalmonella typhiby agar well diffusion method. Every time the nanoparticles samples showed better results than parental drugs. The dissolution rates of raw drugs and prepared nanoparticles were also determined. The results were always better for the synthesized nanoparticles than parental drug.

We present a new variant of Lane-Riesenfeld algorithm for curves and surfaces both. Our refining operator is the modification of Chaikin/Doo-Sabin subdivision operator, while each smoothing operator is the weighted average of the four/sixteen adjacent points. Our refining operator depends on two parameters (shape and smoothing parameters). So we get new families of univariate and bivariate approximating subdivision schemes with two parameters. The bivariate schemes are the nontensor product schemes for quadrilateral meshes. Moreover, we also present analysis of our families of schemes. Furthermore, our schemes give cubic polynomial reproduction for a specific value of the shape parameter. The nonuniform setting of our univariate and bivariate schemes gives better performance than that of the uniform schemes.

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A subdivision scheme defines a smooth curve or surface as the limit of a sequence of successive refinements of given polygon or mesh. These schemes take polygons or meshes as inputs and produce smooth curves or surfaces as outputs. In this paper, a class of combine refinement schemes with two shape control parameters is presented. These even and odd rules of these schemes have complexity three and four respectively. The even rule is designed to modify the vertices of the given polygon, whereas the odd rule is designed to insert a new point between every edge of the given polygon. These schemes can produce high order of continuous shapes than existing combine binary and ternary family of schemes. It has been observed that the schemes have interpolating and approximating behaviors depending on the values of parameters. These schemes have an interproximate behavior in the case of non-uniform setting of the parameters. These schemes can be considered as the generalized version of some of the interpolating and B-spline schemes. The theoretical as well as the numerical and graphical analysis of the shapes produced by these schemes are also presented.

A new family of combined subdivision schemes with one tension parameter is proposed by the interpolatory and approximating subdivision schemes. The displacement vectors between the points of interpolatory and approximating subdivision schemes provide the flexibility in designing the limit curves and surfaces. Therefore, the limit curves generated by the proposed subdivision schemes variate in between or around the approximating and interpolatory curves. We also design few analytical algorithms to study the properties of the proposed schemes theoretically. The efficiency of these algorithms is analyzed by calculating their time complexity. The graphical representations and graphical properties of the proposed schemes are also analyzed.

In this article, we present a new subdivision scheme by using an interpolatory subdivision scheme and an approximating subdivision scheme. The construction of the subdivision scheme is based on translation of points of the 4-point interpolatory subdivision scheme to the new position according to three displacement vectors containing two shape parameters. We first study the characteristics of the new subdivision scheme analytically and then present numerical experiments to justify these analytical characteristics geometrically. We also extend the new derived scheme into its bivariate/tensor product version. This bivariate scheme is applicable on quadrilateral meshes to produce smooth limiting surfaces up to C 3 continuity.