Successful leadership mainly depends upon the knowledge and understanding about various leadership skills together with leader’s personal capacity to execute these skills efficiently. Elementary school head teachers, therefore, require notable expertise to professionally perform their important administrative responsibilities for achieving the school goals and objectives. In this context, this survey study was mainly conducted to investigate the extent of the leadership capacities of elementary school head teachers’ they possessed and differences in their views when grouped by their gender and administrative experience. To achieve the objective, a questionnaire comprising 24-items with six subscales developed by Ng (2010) was adapted with minor changes. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 363 head teachers randomly selected from 1014 elementary schools of Multan division and finally 336 (92.6%) responded. Results of descriptive statistical analyses suggest that the participants believed with high consensus that they were not well equipped with needed leadership skills in four areas specifically in the area of ‘quality assurance and accountability’. Inferential statistical tests revealed no significant differences in participants’ perceptions based on their gender. Significant differences, however, were found in their views based on their administrative experience. The conclusions of this study point to the relevant strategies for planning continuous professional development of elementary school head teachers in Pakistan.
School education in Pakistan has allocated resources to upsurge English language learners (ELLs) academic achievement. But in spite of concerted efforts, students of English language specifically at elementary level continue to lag behind in their academic achievement. Additionally, English language teachers feel themselves unequipped to fulfill the linguistics and academic needs of these learners without relevant professional development training. The main objective of this quasi experimental pre-test post-test design study, therefore, was to analyze the effect of SIOP model on students’ achievement in English in comparison with students who were not taught using this model. All the students enrolled in grade 8th in elementary schools of district Lodhran served as study population. Two intact/pre-existing sections of grade 8th in two elementary schools were taken as study sample. One section with 32 students (experimental group) was taught using SIOP model while the other section with 40 students (control group) received instruction with conventional methods. The inferential analysis of pre-test post-test data exhibited statistically significant differences in experimental group students’ English achievement level who received instruction with SIOP. Findings of this study suggest that the use of SIOP model has positive effect on English language learners (ELLs) academic achievement as well as closing the English achievement gap. Finally, this study provides valuable implications for teachers, school administrators and policy makers to improve academic performance of English language learners.
The objective of this paper is to check the impact of dividend policy and firm Housing Microfinance / Low-Cost Housing Scheme has been promoted to fill the national housing demand/supply gap in Pakistan in recent years. Prime Minister’s Low-Cost Housing Scheme (PM-LCHS) was introduced with the aim of providing financial assistance to poor and deserving families enabling raise in their living standards. A total of Rs. 8.54 billion has been disbursed so far through Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance. The study aims to empirically test the impact of PM-LCHS loan utilization on beneficiaries’ welfare in terms of socio-economic indicators. This research also proposes to assess governance and administrative efficiency and design effectiveness of the initiative The total population of 17, 344 beneficiaries is sampled using Proportionate Stratified Sampling; Group 1 (stratum 1) constitutes beneficiaries who are in utilization phase and Group 2 (stratum 2) constitutes beneficiaries who are repaying the loan post 100% loan utilization. The proposed frameworks are tested using data collected from 463 beneficiaries. Key findings show that PM-LCHS utilization improved sense of security, societal standing and psychological conditions of respondents. Moreover, the loan utilization has enhanced multiple components of sanitation conditions and housing infrastructure; yet the repayment amounts causing no negative impact on their financial wellbeing. However, PM-LCHS utilization is not found to have any effect on beneficiaries’ health. Furthermore, Akhuwat has administered PM-LCHS efficiently and beneficiaries are satisfied from its governance. Thus, any other financial institution interested in offering such a HMF initiative must have appropriate human resource and skillset to reach the eligible clientele and address their financial requirements like AIM. Though, respondents are satisfied from the scheme as a whole, the study elucidates concerns about some design elements, namely financing limit, repayment period and number of disbursement instalments. These findings again have policy implications for the institutions seeking to enter the HMF market; incorporate these results to formulate the HMF/LCHS product that better suit the financing needs of low-earning people. The originality of this study is theorizing and empirically testing the effect of Housing Microfinance/ Low-Cost Housing Scheme and analyzing the linkages between PMLCHS loan utilization and beneficiaries’ living standards and welfare in Pakistani context.
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