Background Large-scale use and misuse of antibacterial agents for infection prevention and growth promotion in chicken has grown alongside mass production of poultry as a primary protein source in human diet. This has led to concern about promotion of antibiotic resistance among bacteria of clinical significance to human disease. The objectives of this study are to identify which, if any, antimicrobials are commonly found in commercially available broiler chicken and determining the minimum amount of meat with enough microbial inhibitory activity that can be measured in routine culture. Four test organisms, namely ATCC 25922, ATCC 51299, clinical isolate MRSA and clinical isolate E. coli were used. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the test organisms were determined against beta-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones and phenicols. 8 mm tissue pieces of liver, muscle and kidney samples were obtained and plated on all four plates of our test organisms. The zones of inhibition, if any, around the tissue samples determined the presence of antimicrobial residues in meat. 270 tissue samples of liver, muscle and kidney were tested for the presence of antimicrobial residues. In total 90 freshly butchered broiler chicken samples were collected, each contributing a liver, kidney and a muscle tissue sample. The samples were collected randomly from butcher shops across geographical bins of the city of Lahore. The results showed that 73.3% of the samples were positive for antimicrobial activity. Of these 69.6% of the samples were positive for the presence of sulfonamides, 9.3% had flurphenicol, 7.0% had quinolone activity, 6.7% had aminoglycoside activity and 3.7% had tetracyclines in them.
Experiment was conducted to check the biological parameters and feeding efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea fed on Planococcus citrimealy bugunder controlled environment (24±1 °C with 60 ± 5 % RH), during 2018. Results regarding developmental time indicated that egg incubation, larva and pupal periods were 3.60±0.1, 9.65±0.19 and 6.01±0.17 days respectively. Apparent mortality (100qx) was maximum (11.11) for pupa and minimum (5.00) was during 3 rd instar. Life expectancy (ex) for egg phase was highest (5.69) and lowest for pupal phase (1.88).Killing power (K-value) was found minimum (0.02) for 1 st and 3 rd instar while maximum (0.2) was recorded for adult stage. Feeding on artificial diet consisted of honey + sugar + Yeast + honey, the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition periods recorded for C. carnea were 8.2±0.41, 31.4±0.50 and 5±0.30 days, respectively. First and last mortality were observed at the age of 13 and 45 days while fast step down decrease was observed after 27 days when fed on the same food. Total number of eggs laid per female were 341.2±6.90 eggs. Main feeding efficiency and efficiency per day feeding on two different host stages were also found for C. carnea. The maximum (233.85±4.43 and 75.25±3.13) crawlers and adult were consumed by larva stage while minimum (27.10±1.35 and 8.70±0.48) crawlers and adult were consumed by 1 st instar. The consumption day -1 were highest (37.06± 0.28 and 9.67± 0.68) for 3 rd instar while the 1 st instar consumed lowest 9.67±0.56 and 2.89±0.21 crawlers and adult respectively.
In the present study, four new chemistry insecticides (Radiant, Chlorfenapyr, Belt and Match) were used to evaluate the haemocytological activity of Chilo partellus. LC50 and LC60 values of each insecticide were calculated by bioassay test. After the application of Radiant insecticide, the total haemocytes count immediately increased (78548.5 cells/mm3) as compared to normal (71255 cells/mm3), however, after 30 minutes decreased to (71694 cells/mm3) and after 60 minutes of interval, the total haemocytes count again increased (80215 cell/mm3). Percent plasmotcytes increased from untreated to 26%, while the spherulocytes, granulocytes, prohaemocytes and cystocytes also fluctuated from the untreated as 26%, 6.75%, 33% and 3.75% respectively. After the application of Chlorfenpyr insecticide, the total Haemocytes count immediately increased (80920.75 cells/mm3) as compared to normal (71255 cells/mm3), however after 30 minutes decreased to (71155 cells/mm3) and after 60 minutes, the total haemocytes count again increased (84100 cell/mm3). Percent plasmotcytes increased from untreated to 36%, while the spherulocytes, granulocytes, prohaemocytes and cystocytes also fluctuated from the untreated to 23.5%, 5.5%, 29% and 1.5% respectively. After the application of Belt insecticide, the total haemocytes count immediately increased (87200 cells/mm3) as compared to normal (71255 cells/mm3) and after 30 minutes decreased (71270 cells/mm3) and after 60 minutes, the total haemocytes count again increased (89640 cell/mm3). Percent plasmotcytes increased from untreated to 36%, while the spherulocytes, granulocytes, prohaemocytes and cystocytes also fluctuated from the untreated to 32.5%, 8.5%, 17.25% and 4.75% respectively. After the application of Match insecticide, the total haemocytes count immediately increased (87500 cells/mm3) as compared to normal (72155 cells/mm3) while after 30 minutes decreased (72190 cells/mm3) and after 60 minutes, the total haemocytes count again increased (99800 cell/mm3). Percent plasmotcytes increased from untreated to 33%, while the spherulocytes, granulocytes, prohaemocytes and cystocytes also fluctuated from the untreated to 31%, 14%, 23% and 4% respectively.
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