The emergence of women is seen as occurring very early when we examine the growth of neuroscience and related sciences globally. From the ancient Roman graves to the present, there are numerous examples of contributions made by women in the area of medicine. Female neuroscientists have faced several challenges, particularly gender inequality, like in every other scientific discipline. All these difficulties have been encountered by numerous female neuroscientists, many of whom have found great success. Some of the female neuroscientists who opened the door for us are Sofia Ionescu, Diana Beck, Aysima Altınok, Alexa Canady, M. Deborah Hyde, Augusta Dejerine Klumpke, Julia Barlow Platt, Laura Forster, Manuela Serra, and Mara Soledad Ruiz-Capillas. For future generations, hearing the tales of the superwomen who propelled women to this position in neuroscience will serve as motivation and inspiration.

Introduction: The craniovertebral junction comprises the occipital bone, atlas, axis and supporting ligaments. Surgical interventions for treatment of instability, require knowledge of morphometric properties of this area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate adult dried human skulls to analyze morphometric features of the bones that joined the craniovertebral junction. Materials and Methods: Morphometric analysis was performed on dry bones which found in the excavations. 9 occipital bone, 18 atlas and 16 axis were measured. Differences between measurements were determined using t-tests and were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: The distance between both tips of the transverse processes (p<0.001), the distance between both outermost edges of the transverse foramen (p=0.011), the distance between both innermost edges of the transverse foramen (p=0.013), the maximum transverse diamater of the vertebral canal (p=0.014), the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the vertebral canal (p=0.014) and the width of the inferior articular facet (left p<0.001 and right p=0.005) were found significantly shorter in females atlases. The width of the dens axis (p<0.001), the height of the corpus axis (p=0.034), the distance from lateral most edge of the transvers process to midline (left p=0.049), the length of the inferior articular facet (left p=0.004, right p=0.005), the width of the superior articular facet (right p=0.007) were found significantly shorter in females axises. Conclusion: Morphometric analysis is very important in the development and improvement of surgical techniques. In this context, the results of our study can contribute to developments in this area. Keywords: Atlas, axis, occipital bone, craniovertebral junction

Objectives: The ratio of the index finger (2D) to the ring finger (4D) is different in males and females. This ratio (2D:4D) has been investigated in a variety of diseases, including autism, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the 2D:4D ratio in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder and to detect any differences in that ratio between participants with obsessive compulsive disorder and a healthy control Material-Methods: The study included 30 children and adolescents diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder between ages 7-17 and 90 age-sex matched controls. After the psychiatric evaluations;  finger lenghts were measured with a digital compass. Main results: Girls with obsessive compulsive disorder had greater 2D:4D ratios in their right and left hands than the control group. Although there was no statistically significant difference, the 2D:4D ratio in the right hand was greater in the obsessive compulsive disorder group than in the control group. Conclusion: With relation to obsessive compulsive disorder, some differences were detected in 2D:4D ratios of patients  with obsessive compulsive disorder and control groups but there were no statistically significant results except for that of girls with obsessive compulsive disorder. Further studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder and the 2D:4D ratio. Objetivos: La proporción entre los dedos índice y anular es diferente en las mujeres y en los hombres. Esta proporción ha sido estudiada en varias enfermedades como el trastorno de ansiedad, el trastorno de la concentración y la hiperactividad. El objetivo de este estudio era investigar la proporción entre los dedos de índice y anular en los niños y adolescentes que tienen trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y determinar si existía alguna diferencia entre los participantes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y los del grupo sano. Material y métodos: En el estudio fueron incluidos 30 niños y adolescentes que tenían entre 7 y 17 años de edad con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y 90 individuos sanos de igual edad y sexo como el grupo control. Después de las evaluaciones psiquiátricas, la longitud de los dedos fue medida con calibre digital. Resultados: Las niñas y adolescentes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo tenían una proporción mayor entre los dedos índice y anular en las manos derechas e izquierdas que el grupo control. Aunque no había una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular en la mano derecha era más grande en el grupo de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo que el grupo control. Conclusiones: Algunas diferencias fueron detectadas en la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular en los pacientes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y los del grupo control, pero no había resultados estadísticamente significativos excepto las niñas y adolescentes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Se requieren más estudios para entender completamente la relación entre el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular.