In a previous study, the effect of specific dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids with boiling ranges between 220 and 310 °C was highlighted. In combination with surfactants, they were shown to increase significantly the performance of active ingredients (insecticides and herbicides) when incorporated in pesticide formulations or in tank mixes. These fluids were shown not only to improve the biological activity of the active ingredients but also to modify the application properties, volatility versus penetration characteristics and the mode of action. This paper represents an extention of that prior work and focuses on the contribution of a specific dearomatized tailor made fluid boiling in the 240 – 260 °C range to the efficacy enhancement of two widely used herbicides, acetochlor and acifluorfen. Acetochlor, a selective pre-emergent herbicide used to control annual grasses in maize, was formulated into capsule suspension (CS), microcapsule and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations. Acifluorfen, a post-emergent herbicide used to control annual broad leafed weeds in soybeans, was formulated into microemulsions (μE) and soluble concentrate (SL) formulations. It will be demonstrated that capsule suspension and microemulsion formulations of these two active ingredients incorporating a tailor made hydrocarbon fluid provide improved or similar weed control with reduced phytotoxicity.
A study was conducted to evaluate the cold temperature behavior of various pesticide solutions as the chemical composition of the solvents varied. Solutions of seven pesticides in solvents containing primarily: (1) C9 and (2) C10 alkylbenzene and (3) C11–12 alkylnaphthalene, were prepared and observed for precipitation between ambient and -10 °C in 5 °C steps. Of the aromatic hydrocarbon fluids tested those containing C11–12 alkylnaphthalene compounds were the best solvents for the pesticide active ingredients tested. Removal of naphthalene from the C10 alkylbenzene and C11–12 alkylnaphthalene fluids did not adversely affect the solvency of the resultant pesticide solutions.
Microencapsulation is one of the most important ways to control the release rate of a pesticide. Such a technology provides many advantages, such as an adjustable release of the core active ingredient (a.i.), stabilization against degradation of the pesticide, reduced toxicological properties and environmental impact. The release rate of an encapsulated pesticide can be modified, according to the requirements of the application, through fluid selection. Some fluids contribute to accelerate the delivery of liquid or solid a.i., others slow it down. Several microcapsule formulations have been prepared with a selection of fluids (solvents), while keeping the other capsule parameters constant. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that the fluid, chosen among dearomatized and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, acetate derivatives and blends of these, significantly influences: - The residual efficacy of Chlorpyrifos on cockroaches — The extent of growth inhibition of fungi by Propiconazole — The diffusion of the a.i. through rat skin. By matching the biological control patterns with the expected dermal toxicity of a formulation, the formulator can select the specific fluid that better suits his requirements.
Low flash point (⩽ 60°C) aromatic hydrocarbon fluids are still widely used in the Agricultural Chemical Industry. The pending HM181 DOT regulation will greatly increase the costs (i.e. handling, shipping, storage, insurance, relabeling) associated with using a 60°C and lower flash point hydrocarbon fluid. Formulators can avoid these cost increases by replacing the low flash hydrocarbon fluids with higher flash material, provided additional phytotoxicity concerns are not posed. A field trial study was designed to measure the change in crop response (phytotoxicity) with respect to a change in flash point.
The objective of this study was to provide a source of compatibility data between commercially available polymeric and elastomeric materials and solvents used in the Agricultural Chemical Industry The following solvents were selected: aromatics; alkylbenzene predominantly C10, alkylnaphthalene predominantly C10–12, naphthalene depleted alkylnaphthalene C11–12, aliphatic; aromatic free C11–12 hydrocarbon solvent, isoparaffin; primarily C14 and C23 paraffinic petroleum oil These solvents were tested with the following materials: high density polyethylene, fluorinated high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile butyl rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, polychloroprene, perfluoroalkoxy resin, and vinylidene fluoride. The results of the elastomeric tests showed that perfluoroalkoxy and vinylidene fluoride resins are excellent choices for all of the solvents tested, ethylene propylene rubber was shown to be the poorest choice of all With respect to the polymeric tests, the second and third degree fluorinated high density polyethylene materials were compatible with all of the solvents. Polyvinyl chloride, however, was not compatible with aromatic solvents As a word of caution, the information in this paper can only be used as a starting point in the selection of polymeric and elastomeric materials with compatible Ag-Chem solvents The Agricultural Industry must combined this information with additional information such as choice of active ingredients, surfactants, and application systems before the final selection of packaging and seal materials can be made
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