Фармакоэкономика теория и практика Formula (2) CER1, CER2, CERn-coefficients of «cost-effectiveness» of the compared alternative technologies; Cost(1), Cost(2), Cost(n)-costs associated with comparing alternative technologies; Ef(1), Ef(2), Ef(n)-efficacy provided by comparing alternative technologies and expressed in the same units. Formula (1) CER-coefficient of "cost-effectiveness" of technology; Cost-costs associated with technology in terms of money; Ef-clinical effectiveness of technology, expressed in appropriate units.

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The article presents the methodological basics of the effectiveness analysis in pharmacoeconomic studies of medicinal drugs or health technologies. In particular, the main challenge that researchers face is the defining criterion of the effectiveness of the evaluated alternatives is described. What is more, main positive and negative sides of using surrogate and final performance criteria, as well as provide methodological recommendations for their selection and evaluation.

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effectiveness of fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) vs. FF/VI was thus assessed from a Quebec societal perspective, leveraging data from the IMPACT trial (NCT02164513). METHODS: A validated linked risk equation, COPD disease progression, model (Briggs 2017 Med Decis Making 37:4) was populated with baseline characteristics, efficacy and medication use from IMPACT. Quebec healthcare resource and societal and drug costs were applied, with future costs and health outcomes discounted at 1.5% annually. The analysis was probabilistic, with a lifetime horizon. Outputs included exacerbation rates, costs (2017 CAD), life-years (LYs), qualityadjusted life years (QALYs) gained and incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY. Sensitivity analyses explored the robustness of results by varying parameter values and assumptions. RESULTS: Compared with FF/VI, FF/UMEC/VI resulted in fewer moderate and severe exacerbations (10.52 and 3.38 versus 11.12 and 3.48), translating to fewer total per patient per year exacerbations (1.53 versus 1.62). Overall mean (95% CI) incremental costs were $2,489 ($1,861, $3,212) for FF/UMEC/VI compared with FF/VI but total indirect non-drug costs were lower ($4,428 versus $4,608). Incremental LYs (undiscounted, 95% CI) and QALYs were 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) and 0.13 (0.09, 0.18), resulted in an ICER of $18,887 ($14,625, $25,587) per QALY. The probability of FF/UMEC/VI being cost-effective compared with FF/VI was 100%, at a willingness-to-pay WTP) threshold of $50,000 per QALY. Across all scenarios considered the ICER ranged from $14,281 to $23,798, remaining below the WTP threshold. Results were most sensitive to time horizon, efficacy of treatment postdiscontinuation and changing FF/VI cost. CONCLUSIONS: FF/UMEC/VI was predicted to improve health outcomes and to be a cost-effective option for treatment of patients with moderate/severe COPD and a history of exacerbations, compared with FF/ VI in Quebec.OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the rare interstitial lung disorders. For a long time, patients with IPF received symptomatic treatment. A few years ago, pirfenidone and nintedanib were introduced for treating IPF in Russia. The aim of the study is to perform health-economic evaluation of pirfenidone and nintedanib in patients with IPF. METHODS: Cost-effectiveness analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. One-year survival and exacerbation frequency rate were included into the model as the effectiveness criteria. Decision tree model was used. All direct costs were calculated from the healthcare system perspective. Direct costs accounted for pirfenidone and nintedanib costs, cost of in-patient treatment of IPF exacerbation and cost of adverse events (AEs) correction during therapy. Price elasticity analysis of pirfenidone was performed. RESULTS: The base case scenario showed that pirfenidone is as effective as nintedanib in patients with IPF (probability of being survive during 1 year was 98.9% and 96.4%, exacerbation rates were 2,4% and 2,4%...

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