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The T-agglutination types were determined for a diverse collection of 1531 group A streptococci for which the 5' M protein gene (emm) sequences had been analysed. The majority of the T-agglutination types correlated with previously seen M/emm/T-type associations; however, several new associations were found. Analysis of a subset of this collection -which included 1157 clinical isolates with multiply encountered emm types -found that emm amplicon restriction profiles of isolates sharing identical T types and opacity factor phenotypes are useful for detecting groups of isolates with identical emrn genes. Many emrn genes of known 5' sequence display a highly conserved restriction pattern amongst clinical isolates widely separated both geographically and temporally.

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Proteomics, one of the major tools of ‘omics’ is evolving phenomenally since the development and application\ud of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry at the end of twentieth century. However,\ud the adoption and application of advanced proteomic technologies in understanding plant–pathogen interactions\ud are far less, when compared to their application in other related fields of systems biology. Hence, this review is\ud diligently focused on the advances in various proteomic approaches and their gamut of applications in different facets of phyto-pathoproteomics. Especially, the scope and application of proteomics in understanding fundamental concepts of plant–pathogen interactions such as identification of pathogenicity determinants (effector proteins), disease resistance proteins (resistance and pathogenesisrelated proteins) and their regulation by post-translational modifications have been portrayed. This review, for the first time, presents a critical appraisal of various proteomic applications by assessing all phyto-pathoproteomics-related research publications that were published in peer reviewed journals, during the period 2000–2016. This assessment has revealed the present status and contribution of proteomic applications in different categories of p phytopathoproteomics, namely, cellular components, host–pathogen interactions, model and non-model plants, and utilization of different proteomic approaches. Comprehensively, the analysis highlights the burgeoning application of global proteome approaches in various crop diseases, and demand for acceleration in deploying advanced proteomic technologies to thoroughly comprehend the intricacies of complex and rapidly evolving plant–pathogen interactions

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