The genetic relationship between 195 Mangalica and 79 non-Mangalica pigs was studied using mitochondrial D-loop SNP genotyping. Altogether, 35 polymorphic sites and 27 haplotypes were identified. Of the haplotypes, eight and 16 are Mangalica and non-Mangalica specific, respectively, while three contain both Mangalica and non-Mangalica individuals. Genetic distance values and phylogenetic analysis indicate that Mangalica individuals are very closely related, and five haplotypes represent approximately 92% of the Mangalica pigs involved in the study, thus determining the major maternal lineages. In contrast to previous microsatellite studies, individuals of Mangalica could not be distinguished as three separate breeds using mtDNA genotyping. Comparing modern and archaeological mtDNA sequences revealed that present day Mangalica is related to pigs that lived in the Carpathian basin where postulated ancestors of Mangalica also lived. This is the first DNA-based genetic evidence to support the described breeding history of Mangalica.

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The whole genome of Mangalica animals has been screened on the Illumina porcine chip giving the possibility (1) to replace the previously applied ten microsatellite markers by nine SNP loci to classify the Blond, Swallow-Belly and Red Mangalica individuals into three different breed groups (P>0.95); (2) to propose 54 SNP loci for parentage testing in Mangalica pigs where the exclusion probability is 0.999115 if one parent is known and the probability of identity is 1.54×10 -23 .

We used an alternative approach, loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation, to detect Mangalitza component in food products, and it has been compared to an established Recombinase Polymerase Amplifi cation test. The correlation between the assays was signifi cant (P<0.01). Linear determination coeffi cient between the assays was 0.993 and level of diagnostic agreement was high (Kappa=0.971).Previously, a real-time PCR method based on TaqMan probe was developed for detection of Mangalitza meat in food products, using a Mangalitza specifi c sequence. Other Mangalitza specifi c sequences suitable for the same purpose are also in use (V. STÉGER, personal communication).Approaches like real-time monitoring of accumulation of the specifi c DNA product usually require specialised laboratory equipment. For Mangalitza detection, portable Recombinase Polymerase Amplifi cation (RPA) approach has been developed (SZÁNTÓ-EGÉSZ et al., 2016), which requires a device capable of maintaining 39 °C and a lateral fl ow strip with easy yes/no indication of the successful amplifi cation.We wanted to develop another fast, non-PCR based test with minimal laboratory requirement to provide a third possibility to detect Mangalitza component in food.Keywords: food, LAMP, RPA, MangalitzaNowadays, a wide range of non-PCR amplifi cations are available, such as Helicase Dependent Amplifi cation (VINCENT et al., 2004), Transcription Mediated Amplifi cation (GUATELLI et al., 1990), Self-Sustained Sequence Replication (3SR) (GUATELLI et al., 1990), Rolling Circle Amplifi cation (FIRE and XU, 1995), Standard Displacement Amplifi cation (SDA) (WALKER et al., 1992), and loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation (LAMP) (NOTOMI et al., 2000). They usually do not require expensive instrumentation and have comparable diagnostic power to * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: attila.zsolnai@gmail.com This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes -if any -are indicated.