Nano scale materials possess unique properties that are generally not seen in their bulk counterparts. Though chemical and physical methods of nano particle synthesis is widely used, the advantage of biological synthesis have gained popularity owing to their environment affability. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained importance in biomedical research owing to its ease of synthesis, better stability of the nanoparticles and cost effectiveness. Cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS) have been extensively studied to have potential applications in the field of biomedical research and imaging studies.In the present study, CdS nanoparticles were synthesized using Bacillus licheniformis as the precursor. The thus synthesized CdS nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the nano dimension of the particle was confirmed. Four different concentrations of CdS nanoparticles were tested to assess its genotoxicity using Drosophila melanogaster as the in-vivo model. Additionally, the antimicrobial property of CdS was also examined by well diffusion and macro dilution method. The results suggested significant antimicrobial activity and lack of genotoxicity of CdS nanoparticles.
The remarkable advancement of nanotechnology has triggered enormous production of metal nanoparticles and nanomaterials for diverse applications in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. Nanotechnology has facilitated understanding and analysing nanotoxicology in a holistic approach. Iron nanoparticles have been of special interest in recent research owing to their dynamic, paramagnetic, and catalytic properties. Research studies (in vitromodel) have demonstrated the lack of toxicity in nanoiron. The present study design involvesin vivotoxicity assessment of nanoiron at specific concentrations of 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM inDrosophila. DNA fragmentation assay in exposed and F1 population showed first-line toxicity to flies. Viability and reproductive ability were assessed at 24-hour and 48-hour intervals and thus indicated no statistical significance between the exposed and control groups. The wing spot assay has expressed transparent lack of toxicity in the studied concentrations of nanoiron. Protein profiling has demonstrated that the protein profiles have been intact in the larvae which confirm lack of toxicity of nanoiron. This leads to concluding that nanoiron at the defined concentrations is neither genotoxic nor mutagenic.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle is one of the most researched types of metal oxide nanoparticles in recent literature. Due to its unique properties such as biodegradability and reduced toxicity compared to other types of metallic nanoparticles, the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles has been increased in recent years. Most notable application is in the field of nanomedicine. Due to its ability to selectively kill cancer cells, zinc oxide nanoparticle has been used as a drug carrier for many chemotherapeutic drugs. The In vitro and in vivo models help us to understand the mechanism and the amount of toxicity induced by these nanoparticles in the immune system of humans. This can help in the formulation of personalized chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we analysed three differently synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (chemical precipitation, green chemistry approach, commercially available) on in vitro (human peripheral blood) and in vivo (Zebrafish) models. Pre-defined concentrations nanoparticles (5 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml, 15 µg/ml, 20 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml and 30 µg/ml) were used to analyse the amount of toxicity induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles. There was a dose dependent toxicity increase with in vitro and in vivo models after addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Commercially available zinc oxide nanoparticles showed highest toxicity and nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry method showed lowest toxicity on comparison.
Natural biomedical metabolites procured from marine sources have been the sole source of recent research. The antimicrobial resistance to human infections has made a mounting need for novel natural antibiotics. Much explored marine invertebrates largely the echinoderms (sea stars) tend to pose a natural innate mechanism to safeguard them against predators. The sea star secretes antimicrobial peptides which are naturally occurring secondary metabolites that possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The present study centers on the aspects of isolation and evaluation of active bioactive metabolite from the echinoderm Stellaster equestris from the Chennai coast. The whole body was utilized for the extraction using non-polar to polar solvents. The active crude extracts were investigated by qualitative assay for their chemical composition and were purified by column chromatography. The purity of the compound was further analyzed and checked for purity and quantified by the High-pressure liquid chromatography. The defined concentration of the isolated and purified compound from sea star Stellaster equestris (50,100, 150, 200, 250 and 300µg/ml) were subjected for antimicrobial sensitivity by well diffusion method and Tube dilution method. The outcome of the present study indicated the active crude extract from the sea star Stellaster equestris was rich in sterols. The evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility by tube dilution and well diffusion assay indicated that the isolated purified compound from the sea star Stellaster equestris was reported to be evident for all the above-mentioned concentrations by a marked zone of clearance. A dose-dependent increase was observed in the tube dilution method. Therefore compounds possess antimicrobial activity and can be further subjected for developing the compound as a potent antimicrobial drug.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID rhinorrhoea is defined as the leakage of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID through the nose due to communication between nasal cavity and Sub-arachnoid space. It occurs due to breach in 4 layers - mucosa of the nose and PNS, skull base, Duramater, Subarachnoid membrane. With the advent of nasal endoscope and advancement in technology, Endoscopic Endonasal closure of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID leak has reached tremendous heights due to exact localization and precise placement of graft. In this article, we are publishing a case report of Non-traumatic normal pressure CEREBROSPINAL FLUID leak of more than 1.5cm in size which was successfully closed Endoscopically by multilayered technique.
Klinefelter's syndrome is a sex chromosome abnormality with low androgen level. The varied manifestations of the mental symptoms in some of them, that are inexplicable based on their genotype alone, has fascinated the researchers. We present here a case of Klinefelter's syndrome having a karyotype of mos 47, XXY, and also inversion in 9th chromosome, with schizophrenia. Despite the view that inv 9 is a normal variant, it is still worthwhile to explore whether it has any role in the etiology of schizophrenia especially when it occurs with other genotypic aberrations that are suspected to have relevance to psychiatric disorders including the Klinefelter's syndrome.
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