Background and Aim: Reproductive traits play an important role in population increases and the egg production (EP) abilities of Indonesian local ducks (ILD). The prolactin (PRL) gene is a single chain polypeptide hormone belonging to a family of growth hormone genes that are mainly synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland in all vertebrates. It has a significant effect on reproductive traits and EP. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in PRL are a useful molecular marker for EP. This study aimed to identify the PRL polymorphisms based on these SNPs and to uncover the associations with reproductive traits in ILD.
Materials and Methods: A total of 280 ILDs consisting of Tegal and Magelang (F0) ducks and their reciprocal crosses, namely, Gallang (F1) and Maggal (F1), were maintained and specific variables were recorded, that is, age at first egg, body weight at first egg, first egg weight, and EP, for 90 days. Allele and genotype frequencies were used to determine the Hardy- Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The association between the SNP genotypes of PRL and reproductive traits was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, following the GLM procedure of SAS. The genotypic effects on the reproductive traits were determined using regression analysis.
Results: This study successfully amplified a polymerase chain reaction product of 190 bp, which was used to identify the SNP. Results indicated that PRL in ILDs is polymorphic. A SNP was found at position 164 nt (c.164G >A), consisting of three different genotypes, namely, GG, GA, and AA. The genotypes of Tegal and Magelang (F0), and Gallang (F1) populations were not in H-W equilibrium. The Maggal population (F1) was in H-W equilibrium. Significant associations were detected between the genotypes and EP in all ILDs (p<0.01), following a regression line of y=2.337x+64.605, with a determination coefficient of 0.0188 (r=0.14).
Conclusion: PRL can be recommended as a candidate gene for reproductive traits in ILD, especially EP.
This study aims at knowing the effect of using raw material combination (cow milk and colostrum) in making kefir on texture profile and sensory characteristics. This study used 6 combinations of treatment; P1 = 100 % cow milk; P2 = 80 % cow milk + 20 % colostrum; P3 = 60 % cow milk + 20 % colostrum; P4 = 40 % cow milk + 60 % colostrum; P5 = 20 % cow milk + 80 % colostrum and P6 = 100 % colostrum. The result shows that hardness and cohesiveness were not influenced by the combination of raw material, gumminess however was influenced by the combination of raw material (p<0.05). The mean of gumminess of kefir was 1.76±1.16 to 4.86 ±0.77 G. The sensory characteristics i.e. flavour, colour, texture, and overall preference were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the combination of raw material (cow milk and colostrum) used. The score of flavour was 2.47 – 3.10 (less fresh-more acidic); Aroma was 2.43 – 3.20 (acidic but not fresh– rather sour). Colour was 1.3 – 4.93 (white– yellow), texture was 1.80 – 4.73 (smooth- rather rough). Score given by the panellists was 3.20 with scoring criteria “like”. The mean score of “like” was 3.20 (like) - 4.20 (rather like).
The aim of this research is to estimate the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics. The cross between the Magelang duck male and the Tegal female is called Maggal (F1). The research material are 319 ducks consisted of Magelang and Tegal ducks with 10 males and 70 females each, also the cross result of 239 Maggal ducks. Research method is experiment. The variable measured was the morphometric characteristics (body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght) of the duck aged at 6 months. The heterosis value is obtained by comparing the ability of the cross with the parent. This research has shown heterosis in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght of 6 month old Gallang and Maggal duck were 0.03; 0.01; 0.06; 0.02; -0,05; 0.01; and 0.03. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics were relatively low. The positive heterosis value in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, pubis length, and neck lenght, while shank length negative.
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