The persistence and dietary intake of deltamethrin, endosulfan and malathion residues from coloured capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. Orobelle) grown under open ventilated polyhouse, was assessed after following common culinary processes. Each insecticide was applied at two concentrations, i.e. the recommended (single dose) and double the recommended doses. Insecticide residues were extracted using acetone and cleaned up over charcoal and Florisil columns. The determination and quantification of insecticide residues were done by using gas chromatograph equipped with ECD. The application of single dose, i.e. deltamethrin (0.0028%), endosulfan (0.05%) and malathion (0.05%) resulted in initial deposits of 0.667, 3.900 and 2.026 mg/kg; whereas, 0.937, 5.694 and 4.078 mg/kg at double dose, respectively, on capsicum fruits. The RL50 values were worked out as 1.90-2.41 days for deltamethrin, 1.75-1.88 days for endosulfan and 1.83 days for both the doses of malathion. Fruits washing under tap water for 1 minute provided relief of 30.05-38.81, 23.58-37.52 and 25.0-27.64% from deltamethrin, endosulfan and malathion residues, respectively, upto 3rd day, irrespective of doses. However, steaming after washing of the fruits provided maximum decontamination from insecticide residues. The endosulfan treated capsicum fruit consumption as salad revealed an appreciable risk to the consumers till 3rd day, whereas, washing+steaming reduced the dietary risk to the day of insecticide application.
The persistence pattern and risk assessment of profenofos and triazophos in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) and cropped soil were studied in the present study. The insecticides were applied twice at 10 days interval @ 500 and 1000 g a.i./ha. Residues were quantified at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days of second application using GC equipped with Flame Photometric Detector (FPD). The average initial deposits of triazophos (1.838 mg/kg) in okra fruits were higher than profenofos (1.418 mg/kg) at the recommended application rates. Both the insecticides followed a first order kinetics with half-lives of 1.6 and 1.4 days, respectively on okra fruits. The initial deposits of 0.483 and 0.500 mg/kg, for respective insecticides, disappeared to BDL on 5th and 7th day in okra cropped soil. Microwave oven cooking proved more promising than other household processing in dislodging the residues of test insecticides from okra fruits. On the basis of this study, waiting periods of 7.6 and 7.4 days were suggested for consumption of okra sprayed with profenofos and triazophos, respectively.
A study was conducted on effect of two farming systems namely zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) and conventional farming (CF) on diversity and seasonal abundance of insect pests of cauliflower and their natural enemies during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Studies revealed that ZBNF system harboured less pest diversity and attracted more natural enemies as compared to the CF system. Natural enemy activity and % parasitisation were maximum in ZBNF system as compared to CF system. The results indicate that indigenous ZBNF formulations and intercropping have a positive effect on the population of natural enemies and repelled the insect pests much better as compared to CF system.
This study documents the residual persistence of profenofos and triazophos on capsicum fruits. The persistence was observed on 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days of insecticides spray and analyzed using QuEChERS technique and estimated with Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame Photometric Detector. The analysis revealed the presence of profenofos with less initial deposits of 1.403 mg/kg compared to 1.870 mg/kg of triazophos which further reduced to below detectable level (BDL) on 15th and 10th day with residual half-lives of 2.0 and 1.5 days, respectively. The different household processing (s) from washing to cooking gave residual relief up to 73.77%. The soil analysis revealed initial deposits of 0.913 and 0.816 mg/kg, for respective insecticides, which disappeared to BDL on 10th day. The waiting periods worked out at the limit of quantification (0.05 mg/kg) were 10 and 8 days, for profenofos and triazophos, respectively.
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