Objective: There is increasing evidence that immune cell interactions in adipose tissue contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to mediate insulin resistance, and the presence of macrophages is a salient feature in the development of obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate adipocyte size and macrophage activation in women before and 3 months after laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG).
Methods: Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from women scheduled to undergo VSG. Histological evaluation of adipocytes and macrophages was performed as well as cytokine expression quantification before and after VSG-induced weight loss. Results: Weight loss following VSG resulted in a reduction in adipocyte size as well as a decrease in interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There was no change in the presence of crownlike structures after weight loss.
Conclusions:Early weight loss after VSG is associated with a reduction in adipocyte size and a decline in IL-6 gene expression in local adipose tissue. Macrophage infiltration and crownlike density structures persist in adipose tissue from tissues impacted by excess body weight 3 months after VSG-induced weight loss.
K E Y W O R D Sbariatric surgery, interleukin-6, macrophages, obesity
Polarographische Untersuchungen in Schmelzen von NaClKCl‐Gemischen (Molverhältnis 1:1) bei 735°C sowie LiClKCl‐Gemischen (59 Mol‐% LiCl, 41 Mol‐% KCl) bei 450°C mit Wolfram‐Mikroelektroden werden beschrieben. Die Halbstufenpotentiale von Co++, Ni++, Cu+, Zn++, Cd++, Fe++, Pb++, Tl+ und U4/U3+ sind vom Elektrodenmaterial abhängig, wie sich aus dem Vergleich mit an Platin gemessenen Werten ergibt. Die Veränderungen der Halbstufenpotentiale sowie des Diffusionsstromes mit der Depolarisatorkonzentration, der Temperatur und der Elektrodenoberfläche werden untersucht und diskutiert. Die polarographische Bestimmung der genannten Ionen auch nebeneinander gelingt in dem Konzentrationsbereich von etwa 10−4 bis 10−2 Mol pro kg.
Chronic lower back pain (LBP) is common in both nonathletes and weight lifters, but the diagnosis and treatment should be approached differently in these 2 populations based on the unique movement patterns causing the pain.Injury rates of weight lifters are far less than those of contact sports, ranging from 1.0 to 4.4 injuries per 1,000 workout hours. However, the lower back was consistently one of the top 2 injury sites for weight lifters, accounting for anywhere from 23% to 59% of all injuries. LBP was most often associated with the squat or deadlift.Guidelines for evaluating general LBP are applicable to weight lifters, including a thorough history and physical examination. However, the differential diagnosis will change based on the patient's lifting history. Of the many etiologies of back pain, weight lifters are most likely to be diagnosed with muscle strain or ligamentous sprain, degenerative disk disease, disk herniation, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, or lumbar facet syndrome.Traditional recommended therapies include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and activity modification, which are often insufficient to resolve pain and prevent injury recurrence. Because most athletes will want to continue to lift weights, lifting-specific behavior modifications focused on improved technique and correcting mobility and muscular imbalances are important aspects of management in this patient population.
Unter Verwendung einer tropfenden Wismutelektrode wird das polarographische Verhalten von Schwermetallionen im geschmolzenen LiClKCl‐Eutektikum bei 450°C untersucht. Es werden die Halbstufenpotentiale ermittelt und an Hand der Nernst‐Faktoren gezeigt, daß auch hier die Heyrovsky‐Ilkovičsche Gleichung gilt.
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