Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of total and regional fat mass according to gender, and to establish age and gender-related differences in a largely non-obese sedentary Spanish sample population using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subject/Methods: A total of 1113 healthy subjects (397 male and 716 female) from the city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain, were used in the study. Fat mass measures were obtained from DXA scans of all subjects. Total body fat and body fat in three subregions (trunk, arms and legs) were evaluated. Results: As opposed to males, females showed from early infancy a smaller rate of muscular mass and a larger percentage of body fat (from 10 years of age), with fat deposits being basically gynoid or peripheral. With age, females showed a greater increase in fat mass together with an accelerated loss of muscular mass. Both rates tended to level out between 51 and 65 years of age. Between the ages of 40 and 60, females exhibited significant morphological evidence of larger fat depots in their legs. Conclusions: Gender differences in the patterns of proportion and distribution of body fat, as well as in the pattern of body fat evolution, were found from early infancy. Further research is required, including assessing fat mass variables in order to unravel the dynamic of body composition and to understand the complex relationship between trunk fat mass deposits and the health risks associated with obesity.
SUMMARY
A study was carried out of the parameters of the ground reaction forces and temporal and spatial walking parameters of 62 children aged between five and six years. The children were evaluated barefoot, walking freely at normal speed over the surface of two platforms. The aims were to establish normal parameters for children of this age and to identify any differences existing between these ages. Differences were noticeable in the kinetic and temporal and spatial walking parameters, indicating that maturation has not yet been completed at these ages.
RÉSUMÉ
Modifications dans les coniposanies dc tnarche enire les âges dc cinq el six ans
Les auteurs ont entrepris une étude sur les parametres temporaux et spatiaux de 62 enfants âges de cinq à six ans. Les enfants étaicnt examinés nus‐pieds. marchant librement à vitesse normale sur la surface de deux plate‐formes. Le but de l'étude était d'etablir les paramétres normaux pour les enfants de ce âge el identifier toute différence existant entre les deux âges. De différences notables furent relevées dans les paramétres de marche. einétiques, temporaux et spatiaux, indiquant que le maturation n'est pas compléte a ces âges.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Veräanderungen des Gangnntsiers im Alter zwischen fünf und sechs Jahren
Bei 62 Kindern im Alter zwischen fünf und sechs Jahren wurden Parameter der Ground Reaction Forces sowie zeitliche und räumliche Parameter des Gehens untersucht. Die Kinder wurden beurteilt während sie barfuß, frei mit normaler Geschwindigkeit über zwei Platformen gingen. Es war das Ziel dieser Studie. normale Parameter für Kinder diesen Alters festzustellen und irgendwelche bestehenden Unterschiede in diesem Altersabschnilt hcrauszufinden. Es fanden sich Unterschiede bei den kinetischen, zeitliehen und rämliehen Parametern des Gehens, wazs darauf hinweist, daß der ReifungsprozeB in diesem Alter noch nicht abgcschlossen ist.
RESUMEN
Cumbios en los put rones de marcha entre los cinco y sets años de edad
Se llevó a cabo un estudio de los parámetros de las fuerzas de reacción del suelo y los parámetros temporales y espaciales de la marcha en 62 niños de cinco a seis años de edad. Los niños fueron examinados descalzos andando libremente a velocidad normal sobre una superficie de dos plataformas. La finalidad era el establecer parámetros normales para niños de esta edad e identificar cualquier diferencia existente entre las dos edades. Sc observaron diferencias en los parámetros cinéticos y temporo‐espacial, lo que indica que en estas edades todavía no se ha complctado la maduración.
Se realiza un estudio comparativo entre densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en hueso fresco y formolizado, como paso previo para comparar, en posteriores trabajos, la DMO en hueso formolizado con la osteointegración obtenida mediante estudios histológicos.
Se utilizó un densitómetro Norland XR-26 y como animales de experimentación, conejos Nueva Zelanda, a los que se les colocaron implantes intramedulares de distintos tipos en sus fémures, se utilizó también un grupo control sin implante. Los animales fueron sacrificados a los 2,5 meses y a los 5 meses. Se midió la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) alrededor del implante. A continuación se fijó el fémur para su estudio histológico, utilizando formol tamponado a pH 7, y se volvió a medir la DMO. En el grupo control sin implante se midió el mismo área que en los grupos con implantes.
Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las dos mediciones de DMO. Se encontró una menor DMO en el grupo sin implante frente a todos los grupos con implantes.
Conclusiones: La medición de la DMO en hueso fresco, o formolizado es un valor útil para su correlación con la osteointegración. La variaciones de la DMO tras la presencia del implante no son comparables con el grupo control sin implante.
The purpose of this study is to compare bone mineral density (BMD) of fresh bone and formaldehyde bone, in order to do, posteriorly, comparative studies between formaldehyde bone and osseointegration obtained by means of histological studies.
Norland XR-26 Densitometer was used. Several intramedullary implants were located in the femur of New Zeeland rabbits. There was a control group without implants. Rabbits were sacrificied after 2´5 and 5 months post surgery. BMD was measured around the implant. Femur was prepared for histological study in tampon formaldehyde at pH 7 and BMD was measured once more. Similar areas in control group and implanted groups were measured.
Results showed no statistical significant differences between measurements of BMD. BMD was smaller in control group in comparison with all implant groups.
Conclusions: Measurements of BMD in fresh or formaldehyde bone are a useful value to correlate with BIC. Variations of BMD after implant are nor comparable with the control group.
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