Using the solid-state process, the new compound Ba0.54Na0.46Nb1.29W0.37O5 was effectively produced in a single crystalline phase. The material’s characteristics were determined by X-ray diffraction and Raman techniques. The Rietveld method was applied to refine the structural properties of this sample using X-ray diffraction data and derive the diffraction line profile. The cell parameters a = b = 12.37843 ± 0.02 and c = 3.93526 ± 0.02 were accustomed to crystallizing this compound in the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structure of the space group P4bm. Thanks to Raman measurements, we were able to detect numerous vibration modes in this crystalline phase. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on crystalline phase was studied by UV–visible spectroscopy. On account of methylene blue adsorption on Ba0.54Na0.46Nb1.29W0.37O5, it was discovered that this material can be used to remove organic pollutants and thus be used for water treatment.
Single-phase polycrystalline Bi[Formula: see text]Ho[Formula: see text]Sm[Formula: see text]FeO3 ceramic is prepared by conventional solid state route. The co-doping of Sm and Ho (via Bi site) in BiFeO3 controls the formation of secondary phases. The Rietveld refinement analysis shows an increasing trend in tilt angle due to the rotation of FeO6 octohedra with respect to host BiFeO3. The remanent polarization and the magnetization of Bi[Formula: see text]Ho[Formula: see text]Sm[Formula: see text]FeO3 ceramic are found to be significantly improved than BiFeO3 and Bi[Formula: see text]Sm[Formula: see text]FeO3 at room-temperature. Considerable variations in the remanent polarization (0.18 to 0.11 [Formula: see text]C/cm2) on magnetic poling and a dielectric anomaly in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic transition temperature are due to the intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling effect in Bi[Formula: see text]Ho[Formula: see text]Sm[Formula: see text]FeO3 ceramic. The dielectric permittivity increases with increase in applied magnetic field and the coupling coefficient of Bi[Formula: see text]Ho[Formula: see text]Sm[Formula: see text]FeO3 ceramic is found to be 0.91% at 4 kOe.
This article summarizes the strain‐mediated electrical and optical properties of novel lead‐free xCuFe2O4 (1 − x) KNbO3 (x = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) multiferroic nanocomposite through a solid state route. X‐ray diffraction analysis divulges the influence of interfacial strain in the KNbO3–CuFe2O4 matrix and shows the coexistence of orthorhombic and cubic spinel phases, respectively. Morphological analysis reveals that the average particle size of 0.3CuFe2O4–0.7KNbO3 is 25 nm which is smaller than the other two nanocomposites. The UV–visible absorption studies and Raman spectroscopy of 0.3CuFe2O4–0.7KNbO3 nanocomposite present the high energy bandgap and electro coupling of KNbO3 and CuFe2O4 phases. The DFT theoretical bandgap behaviors of all the three nanocomposites synchronize with the experimental bandgap results. Dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetoelectric behaviors are also improved in 0.3CuFe2O4–0.7KNbO3 nanocomposite as compared to pristine KNbO3 and the other two nanocomposites.
Highlights
This article summarizes the strain‐mediated electrical and optical properties of novel lead‐free xCuFe2O4–(1 − x) KNbO3 (x = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) multiferroic nanocomposite through a solid state route.
X‐ray diffraction analysis divulges the influence of interfacial strain in the KNbO3–CuFe2O4 matrix and shows the coexistence of orthorhombic and cubic spinel phases, respectively.
The 0.3CuFe2O4–0.7 KNbO3 nanocomposite shows a remarkable increase in the optical bandgap, remnant polarization, dielectric permittivity, and magnetoelectric coefficient compared to the other two nanocomposites.
DFT calculations on KNbO3–CuFe2O4 matrix reveal the impact of diffusion between two phases and support the bandgap experimental results.
Quantum encryption is a method of key transfer in cryptography by using quantum entanglement of photons. The real power of quantum entanglement is instantaneous communication that is non intercept able. The advantage of quantum encryption method is, it can be incorporated with conventional encryption methods safely. The quantum cryptography can replace conventional key exchange mechanism with the polarized photons using channels like optic fiber cables. Quantum cryptographic can also provide far and secure data communication. The present day experiments clearly proved that the quantum cryptography can be implemented through medium like optic fiber cable or air. But the distance of transmission through the air is limited by rule of line of sight propagation. The quantum key distribution will have uses in different types of communication between distant parts of earth. So this paper discussing various aspects of Quantum key distribution and successfully calculated polarized photon loss during transmission of Quantum cryptography link, while using in various type of atmospheric conditions like Mist Fog Haze. Also successfully calculated probability of single polarized photon missing by successfully utilizing the Light transmission characteristics and power measurements in various Atmospheric conditions
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