The manual version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the most frequently used neuropsychological instrument for differentiating normal from populations with frontal-lobe impairments. A number of computerized versions have become available, and their ability to accurately detect frontal-lobe dysfunction is based on the assumption of equivalence with the standard manual version. Accordingly, comparisons of the distribution properties of central tendency, variability, and shape between the manual version with four computerized versions of the WCST were performed (n = 22 per condition). None of the computerized versions were found to be equivalent to the manual version on all assessment measures. Given the discrepancies between the manual and computerized versions, it is concluded that the norms provided for the standard manual presentation method should not be used for the computerized versions, and for continued use of the computerized versions, new norms for computer versions need to be established. Thus, clinicians and experimenters must use caution when basing conclusions on scores from computer versions of the WCST.
ChemInform Abstract Using a Knudson-cell method with a quadrupole MS as a detector partial as well as absolute vapor pressures of Cs2Te and Cs2TeO3 are determined over the range 600 to 1000 rc C. Standard enthalpies are measured and the data are used to calculate Gibbs energies of vaporization. The data thus obtained generally shows agreement with predicted values, and discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results in the case of Cs2Te might be due to oxygen contamination. The work is of importance for the evaluation of safety hazards in nuclear reactors, due to possible release of volatile (Cs) and semi-volatile fission products (such as Te).
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