Preservation of the frenular artery at circumcision, or the use of an alternative procedure (preputial plasty), may be advisable when foreskin surgery is required, to avoid meatal stenosis after circumcision.
A dual approach is recommended when complete excision of the kidney and ureter is required. Symptoms of pyelonephritis are not pathognomonic of parenchymal infection but reflect infection above the vesico-ureteric junction. The distinction between supra-junctional and infra-junctional urinary tract infections seems more appropriate and is discussed.
As c-erbB-2 expression increases the rate of dying by 4.2 times, recording its expression by these tumours may be useful in selecting patients who would benefit from treatment in stage A1 (T1a) disease.
Objective To review experience in the management of the obstructed ureter using antegrade stenting in a variety of conditions.
Patients and methods Between 1984 and 1993, 41 patients (mean age 57 years, range 9–83) had antegrade stents placed by an experienced interventional radiologist. The causes of obstruction were urological in 27, gynaecological in eight, colorectal in three and miscellaneous in three.
Results The overall success rate for antegrade stent insertion was 83% and the failure rate was greatest (four of six) in cases of ureteric injury following gynaecological procedures. There were no immediate complications.
Conclusion Antegrade stenting can be used as a temporary or permanent solution to ureteric obstruction. The technique is safe, acceptable to patients and avoids the need for a general anaesthetic.
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