Wastewater generated from households is categorised in to two types, greywater and black water, greywater constituting the largest flow. Greywater refers to the household wastewater generated from showers, washing machines and bathroom sinks excluding toilet wastes and that it has low pathogenic and organic contaminants. The greywater from residential apartment accounts for 50 -70 per cent. The composition of greywater varies greatly according to its origin (i.e., bathroom, laundry or kitchen greywater) and is influenced by the water quality of the locality. A variety of contaminants including acidic and alkaline substances, suspended and dissolved solids, fats, oil and grease, heavy metals, synthetic chemicals and pathogenic organisms are likely to be present in greywater. The organic fractions in greywater is around 30 per cent, while the nutrient fraction constitute 9 -20 per cent. Heavy metals, xenobiotic compounds, nitrates, phosphates, quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS) were reported as contaminants in greywater. Most of these originate from body lotions, hair dyes and make-up materials. The presence of these compounds could harm ecosystems if not properly treated and disposed. The greywater needs to be treated and reused for the various household purposes, other than direct consumption.
The highest net return was found in continuous application (two times) especially in the treatment biochar @ 10 t + 100 % NPK + FYM with Rs.67,928 ha-1 followed by biochar @ 10 t + 75 % NPK + FYM treatment with Rs.67,172 ha-1. The next higher net return was registered in biochar @ 10 t + 75 % NPK + FYM treatment under one time application with Rs. 62,970/-.Comparing the studies, the two times application (biochar @ 10 t ha-1 time-1) recorded an addition of Rs. 5,565/- only over one time application. Therefore one time application (biochar @ 10 t ha-1) considered to be an economically viable management technology than two times application in the cotton – maize – cowpea cropping sequence. One time conjoint application of biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with 75 % recommended dose of NPK fertilizers and 12.5 t ha-1 of FYM i.e., (biochar @ 10 t + 75 % NPK + FYM) to cotton and following the general recommended practices for maize and cowpea to be the best combination suited for enhancing higher benefit cost ratio of 1.45 under cotton – maize – cowpea cropping system in Inceptisol (Vertic Ustropept) of Periyanaickenpalayam series of Coimbatore District.
The incubation experiment was carried out to evaluate the best organic sources Such as farm yard manure (FYM), municipal solid waste compost and industrial by – products such as bagasse ash, rice husk and inorganic fertilizers on nutrient release pattern in sandy loam soils of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The outcomes showed that pH of the soil was reduced by incubation with organic sources. The application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + FYM@ 25t ha-1(T5) outperformed other treatments among organic sources by recording the lowest pH of 7.0 at 90 Days (DAI). The EC of the soil was reduced by the FYM application. Similarly the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the incubation mixture were significantly increased over the control.
Application of biochar had significantly increased the available N, P and K contents in the post harvest soil of cotton field. However, the effect was increased with corresponding increase in the rate of application of biochar. Significantly highest values were recorded in biochar @ 10 t ha-1 application. Similar trend of direct effect was also registered in the post harvest soil of maize under both the cumulative (continuous application) and residual (one time application) studies. Proving the biochar’s ability in improving the soil physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties even in the succeeding maize crop soil. The application of biochar @ 10 t ha-1 had increased the available N by 5.21 per cent, available P by 8.97 per cent and available K by 8.18 per cent over control. Thus, proving the biochar’s ability to sustain the soil fertility status over long run.
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