Recent studies have produced conflicting findings about the impacts of local nonresidential land uses on perceived incivilities. This study advances work in this area by developing a land-use perspective theoretically grounded in Brantingham and Brantingham's geometry of crime model in environmental criminology. That focus directs attention to specific classes of land uses and suggests relevance of land uses beyond and within respondents' neighborhoods. Extrapolating from victimization and reactions to crime, crime-generating and crime-attracting land uses are expected to increase perceived neighborhood incivilities and crime. Multilevel models using land use, crime, census, and survey data from 342 Philadelphia heads of households confirmed expected individual-level impacts. These persisted even after controlling for resident demographics and for neighborhood fabric and violent crime rates. Neighborhood status and crime were the only relevant ecological predictors, and their impacts are interpreted in light of competing perspectives on the origins of incivilities.

Correctional work is dangerous due to the volatile and often unpredictable environment in which individuals work. Although studied extensively in the policing literature, perceived danger has received far less empirical attention as an outcome in studies of correctional officers.The current work sought to extend earlier work in corrections by: learning whether views on this outcome varied across institutions; observing if specific factors proved relevant at both the officer and institutional levels; and learning, if a variable was relevant at both levels, if the direction and strength of its impact was similar across levels. Using a conceptual framework similar to that for studying fear of crime among residential populations, the current work sought to gauge the influence of the described predictors after controlling for perceptions of the risk of inmate assault. Multilevel models were applied to data from the 2001 to 2005 Federal Bureau of Prisons Prison Social Climate Survey administered yearly to all categories of correctional personnel in 114 institutions. These analyses used surveys from correctional officers (total n = 2,954; minimum n / year = 492) in 106 institutions. Results showed significant variation across institutions in average perceived danger. Demographic composition of officers mattered, as did their average views about different aspects of social climate, and their average perceptions of assault risk. After iv This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.controlling for all these factors, significant between-institution differences on average perceived danger remained. Several demographic variables influenced perceived danger in ways that paralleled the fear of crime literature. Female, African-American, andHispanic officers perceived more danger. Two features of perceived organizational climate were associated with less perceived danger. These impacts persisted after controlling for job stress and dissatisfaction at the respective levels.Results confirmed that individual differences in perceived danger strongly linked to both race and gender, even after controlling for job stress and dissatisfaction. Impacts of racial composition at the institutional level parallel impacts of individual officer race, demonstrating for the first time in the corrections literature such multilevel impacts of officer race and racial composition on perceived danger. The direction of officer gender impacts, however, varied depending on the level of analysis. v

The current work investigated impacts of local violent crime rates on residents' willingness to trust neighbors. Crime has been thought to "atomize" community. Many works have considered impacts of crime on local social climate or vice versa. A smaller number of works have linked crime with general judgments about trustworthiness, but there has been little work on crime and trust of neighbors. 2002 survey data of 4,133 Philadelphia residents in 45 neighborhoods were combined with census and reported crime data to address this question. Multilevel, multinomial logit models confirmed that residents' willingness to trust their neighbors varied significantly across neighborhoods for two response category contrasts: strongly agreeing or agreeing neighbors were trustworthy, each relative to strongly disagreeing. As expected, residents in neighborhoods with higher crime rates judged their neighbors as less dependable, even after controlling for local participation. Neighborhood crime and status impacts both depended on the contrast considered and on how status and crime were disentangled. Results align with some earlier works showing contingent effects of crime on ties, or contingent effects of ties on crime. Results extend earlier works by simultaneously focusing on one critical and central assessment of neighbors, showing important differences across response categories, and simultaneously finding extraneighborhood impacts.

No abstract