The literature review revealed various possibilities for improving the quality of DS.

One-hundred male white rats were given a single intratracheal dose of 0, 5 mg kg-1 cadmium acetate. There was a fall in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lung homogenate throughout the 30 d after treatment. Non-protein sulphhydryl (NPSH) content, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and glutathione peroxidase (GP) were all increased from days 5 to 15. There was an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in the relative weight of the lungs which provide evidence of severe toxic lesions of the lungs. Increased lipid peroxidation provoked by the reduced lung antioxidant protective capacity may be an important mechanism in the pulmonary damage caused by cadmium.

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Experiments involving 120 male Wistar rats were performed to study the effect of treatment with cadmium acetate and external irradiation. A single 0.5 mg/kg body weight dose of cadmium acetate was administered intratracheally. Shortly thereafter, the animals received a single whole-body exposure to 4 Gy gamma rays (cesium source). Findings indicated the chemical elevated enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), and acid phosphatase (AP), as well as protein content and percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); the percentage of alveolar macrophages was sharply reduced. Radiation alone produced no substantial changes in the parameters investigated. Treatment with both agents combined was found to result in a synergistic rise of LDH, AlP, and AP activities and protein content in BALF. It was concluded that the BALF biochemical markers used are reliable indicators for identifying the type of combined effect produced in the lungs by chemical agents and ionizing radiation.

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Summary Administration of antiplatelet therapy Aspirin and Clopidogrel (CLP) is a corner stone inpatients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with/without stent implantation. The CYP2C19*2 allele is the most important genetic variant determining response to CLP. We aim to investigate frequency of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism in patients with ACS and significance for the individual response to CLP therapy. The preliminary data of a study including a total of 120 patients with ACS undergoing PCI with stent placement and treated with dual antiplatelet therapy (CLP and Aspirin) are presented. So far 18 patients (41-81 year age) are tested for CYP2C19*l/*2 polymorphisms. The genotype CYP2C19*1/*1; CYP2C19*l/*2 and CYP2C19*2/*2 is demonstrated in 50%, 33%, 17% respectively, of the patients. The established frequency of CYP2C 19*2 allele (33%) is significantly higher (x2=5.220; p=0.022) than in healthy Bulgarian individuals (16%). In-stent thrombosis have developed 3 (17%) of patients: 2 are C YP2C19* l/*2 carriers, and 1 - homozygous CYP2C19*2/*2. The preliminary data demonstrate high prevalence of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism in patients with ACS and point to significance of the variant for CLP therapy. Further extension of the study with larger samples and monitoring of the patients are required to determine the effects of the polymorphism on the prognosis for major adverse cardiovascular events.