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Absolute K-shell x-ray production cross sections for thin Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Pd targets have been measured for incident carbon ions in the energy range from 8 to 36 MeV. Ionization cross sections are calculated from atomic K-shell Quorescence yields and compared to the theoretical predictions of the plane-wave Born approximation including binding energy, Coulomb deflection, and relativistic corrections. K&/KP ratios and the shifts in the characteristic Ku and KP energies indicate the existence of multiple ionization in the low-Z targets.