Information on the distribution of animal populations is essential for conservation planning and management. Unfortunately, shared coordinate-level data may have the potential to compromise sensitive species and generalized data are often shared instead to facilitate knowledge discovery and communication regarding species distributions. Sharing of generalized data is, unfortunately, often ad hoc and lacks scalable conventions that permit consistent sharing at larger scales and varying resolutions. One common convention in African applications is the Quarter Degree Grid Cells (QDGC) system. However, the current standard does not support unique references across the Equator and Prime Meridian. We present a method for extending QDGC nomenclature to support unique references at a continental scale for Africa. The extended QDGC provides an instrument for sharing generalized biodiversity data where laws, regulations or other formal considerations prevent or prohibit distribution of coordinate-level information. We recommend how the extended QDGC may be used as a standard, scalable solution for exchange of biodiversity information through development of tools for the conversion and presentation of multi-scale data at a variety of resolutions. In doing so, the extended QDGC represents an important alternative to existing approaches for generalized mapping and can help planners and researchers address conservation issues more efficiently.
Produced water (PW) is the major byproduct and the largest waste stream in petroleum production. Handling this water is a major issue in the oil industry. Gas flotation has proven to be an effective topside separation technology, and it is currently pursued for subsea produced water treatment. The combined effect of pressure and temperature on gas flotation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used a gas flotation rig to study the oil removal efficiency at elevated pressures and temperatures. Gas flotation experiments were performed up to 80 bar and 80 °C determining the oil removal at three different retention times. Gravity separation experiments at ambient temperature and elevated pressure conditions were used as a reference. The best oil removal was found at 80 °C in combination with high pressure. The temperature had the most significant impact on enhancing the separation, due to improved oil drop–gas bubble, gas bubble–gas bubble, and oil drop–oil drop coalescence due to the increased film thinning rates caused by lowered viscosity of the water, all leading to enhanced creaming. The pressure effect was attributed to more and smaller bubbles with increased pressures at a given temperature, increasing the available area for drop-bubble attachments. Finally, a first-order kinetic model described the gas flotation well.
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