Physician strikes in the United States have been relatively rare, although this has not been the case in other countries nor with other members of the healthcare community, such as nurses. This situation, however, could change. More physicians are either joining unions or seriously discussing doing so. The National Guild for Medical Providers, for example, is actively trying to expand its membership of 11,000 doctors in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire into Illinois, California, New Jersey, Colorado, Texas, and South Carolina. The Federation of Physicians and Dentists, with 2,500 members in Florida and Connecticut, is trying to establish itself in Seattle, Las Vegas, Tucson, and Philadelphia. Although unions are neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for strikes, if physician unions do become more prevalent, the potential for collective work actions, including strikes, increases.
In any relationship, be it friendship, sexual, business, or other, the potential for hurting the involved persons exists because of role conflicts, power imbalances, and a host of other reasons. Moreover, even in those cases where neither party feels particularly constrained or coerced, there are relationships that seem hurtful to the larger society in which they occur. The question we will examine is whether such problems exist in the case of friendships between professors and students.Relatively little attention has been paid to this relationship in the scholarly literature, although the ethical dimensions of sexual relationships between professors and students have been written about extensively. We write in order to examine where or whether the boundary lines are or could be drawn for appropriate faculty-student relationships. Teachers ourselves, we have often wondered about the extent to which we should engage those students who strike us as potential friends. At the outset, we reject the argument that professors are or should be "friends" with all their students. To us, this merely denotes having friendly behavior toward all students, if it means anything at all. Friendly behavior is not the same as friendship. Desirable though such an attitude may be, our focus in this paper is on the possibility of relationships that go beyond cordiality. Should we be friends with individual students, with all that such a relationship may entail?In the first part of this paper, we present three arguments against faculty-student friendships and show why these arguments are not successful. Furthermore, we contend that the failure of these arguments is due, in part, to their flawed conceptualization of friendship and so in the second part we present William Rawlins's (1992) theory of friendship, which we believe is more successful at capturing the realities of friendship in contemporary society.
The field of philosophy has much to contribute to academic advising, both because of the kinds of training philosophers typically receive and because of the sorts of projects on which they work. Because of these factors, philosophers have the potential to make excellent academic advisors, and they can broaden and enrich the theoretical investigations into the nature of academic advising. Philosophers can and should embrace the field of academic advising, both as a practice that is critical to a successful academe and as a potential research area. The reverse is also true: Any advisor would benefit from the study of philosophy.
Pooling, or ride-sharing, is a term coined in the United States (U. S.) to describe various forms of collective travel organised for, and often by, specific groups of commuters with similar travel requirements. Its different forms include bus pooling (financially self-supporting works bus or commuter coach services), minibus pooling (van pooling in U.S. terminology) and car pooling. It has been claimed that these forms of collective travel offer a more personalised service than conventional stage carriage buses, and therefore have a greater chance of attracting solo car drivers and increasing vehicle occupancies. This, in turn, can lead to lower fuel consumption and reduced traffic congestion at peak times. Following the advent of oil shortages in the winter of 1973/74, considerable efforts were made in the U.S. to promote pooling initiatives. This gave rise to the publication of a substantial volume of literature that sometimes indicated significant resource-saving achievements. This paper considers the potential for bus, minibus and car pooling in Great Britain, drawing both on relevant theoretical and economic studies, and on practical operational experience. It concludes that under reasonable assumptions about the transport situation in the next decade or so, pooling could become increasingly useful for solving the travel problems of individual local groups, but that it is unlikely to become a major mode in terms of the numbers of trips carried. The effects of recent legislative changes are discussed, and the justification for further change assessed. Relevant comparisons are made with the U.S.
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