This chapter examines the origins of asymmetry in the American public sphere by charting the rise of second-wave right-wing media. Taking a political economy approach, this chapter investigates how institutions, politics, culture, and technology combine to explain why Rush Limbaugh, televangelism, and Fox News were able to emerge as mass media when they did, rather than remaining, as first-generation right-wing media after World War II had, small niche players. The chapter also considers how the emergence of the online right-wing media ecosystem followed the offline media ecosystem architecture because of the propaganda feedback loop. It shows that asymmetric polarization precedes the emergence of the internet and that even today the internet is highly unlikely to be the main cause of polarization, by comparison to Fox News and talk radio.
Below are given the data for the magnetic storm of August 11‐12,1919, derived from the records of the Honolulu Observatory, similar to those for the other observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, published in the December, 1919, issue (pp. 171‐173). Greenwich mean civil time is used in the Table.
With the hope that I may in some measure help you to a clearer view of what will be told you by the next speaker2 in his discussion of the propagation of magnetic disturbances, I shall endeavor to briefly put before you a few of the salient features of magnetic storms and to summarize what has chiefly been done in reference to the particular phase of the subject under our title, and then to offer some new data showing the time element in the propagation of a magnetic storm.
As far as I am aware no clearly fixed definition of a magnetic storm has found universal acceptance or usage. It would appear, however, that any irregular magnetic disturbance differing in any noticeable degree from the usual periodic or cyclic variations may be termed a magnetic storm. With reference to their general features as shown by the photographic records, they may be divided into two general classes: (1) those in which the disturbance begins gradually, and (2) those in which the disturbance has a sudden or abrupt beginning. In the first‐mentioned class it is generally possible to ascertain the time of beginning of the storm approximately only. In the second class the accuracy in ascertaining the time of beginning is generally dependent upon the accuracy with which the time scale of the record can be mechanically measured. Either of these classes of storms may be of any of the degrees of magnitude or intensity, but the sudden beginnings are generally of moderate intensity.
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