Our statistical evaluation indicates that porphyrin in blood can be used as a reliable tumor marker. Fluorescence emission spectroscopy of blood components and statistical evaluations should be further investigated for a variety of tumors.

Abstract. Fluorescence spectral techniques are very sensitive, and hence they are gaining importance in cancer detection. The biomarkers indicative of cancer could be identified and quantified by spectral or time domain fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of an investigation of time-resolved spectra of cellular components of blood obtained from cervical cancer patients and normal controls are given. The cancer indicative biomarker in this paper is porphyrin; it has a fluorescence decay time of 60% more in samples of cancer patients than those of normal controls. Based on such measurements, a randomized set comprising samples from cancer patients and controls (N ¼ 27 in total) could be classified with sensitivity (92%) and specificity (86%).

End-to-end research evaluation needs to separate out the bibliometric part of the chain from the econometric part. Both size-dependent and size-independent terms play a crucial role to combine quantity and quality (impact) in a meaningful way. Output or outcome at the bibliometric level can be measured using zeroth, first or secondorder composite indicators, and the productivity terms follow accordingly using the input to output or outcome factors.

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