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Mercury concentrations in planktivorous, omnivorous, and piscivorous fishes were inversely related to lake size in six lakes in northwestern Ontario. The lakes were remote from direct anthropogenic influences and ranged in surface area from 89 to 35 000 ha. Fish mercury concentrations were not related to ratios of drainage basin area to lake size, to ratios of epilimnetic area to lake size, to lake alkalinity, or to the concentration of mercury in lake sediments. Rates of mercury methylation (M) were positively dependent on water temperature whereas rates of methyl mercury demethylation (D) were inversely related to temperature. Thus, M/D was strongly temperature dependent. Mercury concentrations in four fish species were significantly positively correlated with mean epilimnetic water temperatures (r2's ranged from 0.66 to 0.88). This suggested that higher water temperatures in smaller lakes during the open-water season influenced M/D ratios and were the cause of higher fish mercury levels. No lake size related variation was observed in the mercury concentrations in benthivorous fishes. Our hypothesis that epilimnetic temperature affects mercury concentrations in fish deserves further attention, given the possible effects of climate warming on mercury contamination of fishery resources.

Reservoir creation has often been inferred as a cause of elevated fish mercury concentrations. Increases in fish muscle mercury levels, occurring coincidentally with flooding, are documented for three lakes affected by the Churchill River diversion for which pre- and post-impoundment data were available. For example, northern pike (Esox lucius) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) muscle mercury levels from Southern Indian Lake, which was increased in surface area by 21% by flooding in 1976, increased from baseline values of 0.2–0.3 μg∙g−1 prior to flooding to 0.5–1.0 μg∙g−1 in 1978–82. Muscle mercury levels from predatory species (northern pike and walleye) from all 10 lakes tested in the Churchill, Rat, and Burntwood valleys flooded by the Churchill diversion are near to or exceed the current export marketing limit of 1.0 μg∙g−1. Because mercury levels in fish from nearby unflooded lakes have not shown recent increases, atmospheric fallout of the metal does not appear to be the cause of the problem. Also, there are no known industrial sources of mercury in the area and no agricultural activity. Postimpoundment mercury levels in predatory fish appeared to be related to the flooded terrestrial area compared with preimpoundment lake area. They were highest (1.15–2.90 μg∙g−1) in Rat and Notigi lakes, which were increased in surface area by 282%, lower (0.60–1.53 μg∙g−1) in lakes immediately below Notigi Reservoir, increased in surface area by 31–37%, and lowest (0.45–1.03 μg∙g−1) in Southern Indian and Wuskwatim lakes, increased in surface area by 13–21%. Fish mercury levels responded quickly to impoundment, increasing noticeably within 2–3yr. Declines in mercury concentrations had not, in general, taken place within 5–8yr of impoundment, with the exception of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from Southern Indian Lake. It is hypothesized that observed fish mercury level increases were due to the bacterial methylation of naturally occurring mercury found in flooded soils.

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in fish in boreal reservoirs have been shown to be increased for up to 3 decades after impoundment. However, the time course of increased concentrations is not well known. The purpose of this study was to determine the evolution of Hg concentrations in fish in the boreal reservoirs of northern Manitoba, Canada, and its relationship with severity of flooding. We determined total Hg concentrations in three species of fish for up to 35 years after impoundment in 14 lakes and lake basins. Postimpoundment trends depended on fish species and reservoir. In the benthivorous lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), Hg concentrations increased after flooding to between 0.2 and 0.4 microg g(-1) wet weight compared with preimpoundment concentrations between 0.06 and 0.14 microg g(-1) and concentrations in natural lakes between 0.03 and 0.06 microg g(-1). Hg concentrations in lake whitefish were usually highest within 6 years after lake impoundment and took 10 to 20 years after impoundment to decrease to background concentrations in most reservoirs. Hg concentrations in predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) and walleye (Sander vitreus) were highest 2 to 8 years after flooding at 0.7 to 2.6 microg g(-1) compared with preimpoundment concentrations of 0.19 to 0.47 microg g(-1) and concentrations in natural lakes of 0.35 to 0.47 microg g(-1). Hg concentrations in these predatory species decreased consistently in subsequent years and required 10 to 23 years to return to background levels. Thus, results demonstrate the effect of trophic level on Hg concentrations (biomagnification). Peak Hg concentrations depended on the amount of flooding (relative increase in lake surface area). Asymptotic concentrations of approximately 0.25 microg g(-1) for lake whitefish and 1.6 microg g(-1) for both walleye and northern pike were reached at approximately 100% flooding. Downstream effects were apparent because many reservoirs downstream of other impoundments had higher Hg concentrations in fish than would be expected on the basis of flooding amount.

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