Trace minerals such as zinc, copper, and manganese are essential cofactors for hundreds of cellular enzymes and transcription factors in all animal species, and thus participate in a wide variety of biochemical processes. Immune development and response, tissue and bone development and integrity, protection against oxidative stress, and cellular growth and division are just a few examples. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to deficits in any of these processes, as well as reductions in growth performance. As such, most animal diets are supplemented with inorganic and/or organic forms of trace minerals. Inorganic trace minerals (ITM) such as sulfates and oxides form the bulk of trace mineral supplementation, but these forms of minerals are well known to be prone to dietary antagonisms. Feeding high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals (OTM) can provide the animal with more bioavailable forms of the minerals. Interestingly, many, if not most, published experiments show little or no difference in the bioavailability of OTMs versus ITMs. In some cases, it appears that there truly is no difference. However, real differences in bioavailability can be masked if source comparisons are not made on the linear portion of the dose-response curve. When highly bioavailable chelated minerals are fed, they will better supply the biochemical systems of the cells of the animal, leading to a wide variety of benefits in both poultry and swine. Indeed, the use of certain chelated trace minerals has been shown to enhance mineral uptake, and improve the immune response, oxidative stress management, and tissue and bone development and strength. Furthermore, the higher bioavailability of these trace minerals allows the producer to achieve similar or improved performance, at reduced levels of trace mineral inclusion. (
The objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding oxidized corn oil with or without a dietary antioxidant (AOX) on performance, tissue oxidative status, and meat quality in barrows. One hundred sixty barrows were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of treatments in a complete randomized block design with 8 pens per treatment and 5 pigs per pen. Diets contained 5.0 mg/kg of 1 of 2 types of corn oil (fresh or oxidized) with or without antioxidant. Final oxidized oil was produced in a heated container by continuously bubbling air heated to 95°C at a rate of 80 L/min to reach a target peroxide value of approximately 150 and 7.5 mEq/kg in the final diet. After 56 d, barrows fed diets formulated with fresh oil had increased ADG (P = 0.03) and ADFI (P = 0.04) and heavier final BW (P = 0.03) than barrows fed oxidized oil. Increased G:F (P = 0.07) was observed for barrows fed diets with AOX after 28 d of feeding but not after 56 d of feeding (P = 0.67) when compared with barrows not fed AOX. An increase (P = 0.06) in plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, a decrease (P = 0.03) in plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activity, and a decrease (P = 0.01) in liver vitamin E concentrations were observed in barrows fed diets with oxidized oil. Dietary AOX reduced plasma protein carbonyl content regardless of oil type (P = 0.04). Barrows fed fresh oil had 4.4% heavier HCW (P = 0.01) and 0.7 percentage units increase in dressing percentage (P = 0.01) compared with barrows fed oxidized oil. Loin TBARS values from barrows fed AOX were lower (P < 0.001) after 14 and 21 d of storage in both fresh and oxidized oil groups. In summary, oxidized oil impaired growth performance and caused oxidation stress. Dietary AOX partially ameliorated the negative effects of oxidized oil in finishing pigs by reducing protein oxidation and improving shelf life.
Two hundred and twenty-four pigs (112 boars, 112 gilts) housed in pens of seven pigs per pen were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, with the factors of vaccination with a gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine (Improvac; 0 or 2 mL at 13 and 17 wk of age), porcine somatotropin (pST; 0 or 5 mg/d from 17 wk of age), and gender. Pigs were weighed and feed intake was measured from 17 wk of age until slaughter at 21 wk of age. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in two focus pigs per pen at 17 and 21 wk of age. Testes and ovary weights at slaughter were decreased by Improvac treatment (P < 0.001), but were not altered by pST treatment (P > 0.44). Daily gain was lower for gilts than boars (1,128 vs. 1,299 g/d, P < 0.001) and was increased by pST (1,172 vs. 1,255 g/d, P = 0.003) and Improvac (1,150 vs. 1,276 g/d, P < 0.001) treatments. Feed intake (as-fed basis) was lower in gilts than in boars (2,774 vs. 3,033 g/d, P = 0.002), was decreased by pST (3,037 vs. 2,770 g/ d, P = 0.002), and was increased by Improvac treatment (2,702 vs. 3,105 g/d, P < 0.001). As a result of the differences in feed intake and daily gain, feed conversion efficiency (gain:feed) was lower for gilts than for boars (0.403 vs. 0.427 P = 0.025), was improved by pST (0.385 vs. 0.452, P < 0.001), but was unchanged by Improvac treatment (0.423 vs. 0.410, P = 0.22). Carcass weight was lower in gilts than in boars (75.3 vs. 77.0 kg, P = 0.012), was unchanged by pST treatment (75.9 vs. 76.4 kg, P = 0.40), and was increased by Improvac treatment (75.1 vs. 77.2 kg, P = 0.003). Lean tissue deposition rate was lower in gilts than in boars (579 vs. 725 g/d, P < 0.001), was increased by pST (609 vs. 696 g/d, P < 0.001) and by Improvac treatment (623 vs. 682 g/d, P = 0.014). Fat deposition rate tended to be lower in gilts than in boars (214 vs. 247 g/d, P = 0.063), decreased by pST treatment (263 vs. 198 g/d, P < 0.001), and increased by Improvac treatment (197 vs. 264 g/d, P < 0.001). For pigs treated with both pST and Improvac, daily gain and lean tissue deposition rate was greater than for pigs that received either treatment alone, whereas fat deposition rate and feed intake did not differ from untreated control pigs. In conclusion, Improvac increased growth rate through increased lean and fat deposition, but concomitant use of Improvac and pST increased lean gain above either alone, while negating the increase in fat deposition in pigs treated with Improvac.
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