Extracts of the marine sponge Caminus sphaeroconia showed potent activity in a screen for bacterial type III secretion inhibitors. Bioassay guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of the novel antimicrobial glycolipid caminoside A (1). The structure of caminoside A was elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and chemical degradation.[structure: see text]
Seasonal growth rates, Standing crops, agar contents and thallus nitrogen levels were recorded in an intertidal population of the agarophyte, G. pristoides, in order to assist with the management of this commercially exploited species. Growth (linear elongation of fronds) was seasonal,, with highest values recorded in late summer (February 1984 = 0.38 mm day" 1 , January 1985 = 0.37 mm day-1 ) and lowest values in late winter (August 1983 = 0.15 mm day" 1 , August 1984 = 0.07 mm day" 1 ). Standing crops were highest (approximately 450 g dry wt m~2) in March 1984 (late summer) and generally throughout the following spring and summer (October 1984 to March 1985, and lowest (approximately 300g dry wt m~2) in winter. The highest agar content (48% of dry wt) was recorded in midsummer, and lowest content (30% of dry wt) in winter. The agar contents were inversely related to thallus nitrogen levels, which varied from 2.3 to 3.5% (of dry wt). The agar contents of distal halves of plant thalli were higher (8 to 15% of dry wt) than from the proximal halves.
Reinvestigation of the extract of the ascidian Didemnum granulatum collected on the Brazilian coastline led to the isolation of two minor compounds, granulatimide (2) and 6-bromogranulatimide (3), which have been identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data. The isolation of 2 and 3 from D. granulatum corroborates previous assumptions about the occurrence of granulatimide as a natural product.
The influence of temperature on growth of young sporophytes, and the effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and fertility of gametophytes, have been investigated in laboratory culture in South African endemic Desmarestia firma. Young sporophytes grew best between 8 and 19°C (optimum 12°C), growth at 4 and 22 °C was slow, and they died at 26 °C Gametophytes, under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions, grew best at temperatures between 12 and 18 °C (optimum 15 °C), growth at 4, 8, and 22 °C was slow, and they died at 26 °C. Short-day conditions were required to initiate fertility in the gametophytes, fertility rates were higher at 8 °C than at 12 and 15 °C, and none became fertile at 17 °C. The highest rates of fertility were obtained in gametophytes grown under LD conditions at 15 °C and then transferred to SD at 4 °C. Seasonal sea temperatures on the southern African coast indicate that the eastern boundary for this species is set by the effect of high summer temperatures on the sporophyte, while the northern limit might be set by the effects of either high summer or winter temperatures, on the sporophytes or gametophytes respectively. The distribution of branched, ligulate Desmarestia species worldwide is discussed in relation to our results and those from other studies.
New Terpenoid Metabolites from the Skin Extracts, an Egg Mass, and Dietary Sponges of the Northeastern Pacific Dorid Nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata. -One of the nine new terpenoids, cadlinaldehyde (I), has an unprecedented degraded sesterterpenoid skeleton. -(DUMDEI, E. J.; KUBANEK, J.; COLEMAN, J. E.; PIKA, J.; ANDERSEN, R. J.; STEINER, J. R.; CLARDY, J.; Can. J. Chem. 75 (1997) 6, 773-789; Dep. Chem. Oceanogr., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. V6T 1Z4, Can.; EN)
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