Изложены результаты изучения новых сортов озимой ржи по комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков в условиях Республики Марий Эл на дерново-подзолистых почвах. В испытании участвовали сорта отечественной селекции (Татьяна-контроль, Московская 15, Рада, Янтарная) на фоне основного внесения N24P24K24 при различных уровнях азотного питания (N0, N45 весной при возобновлении вегетации, N15 в фазу колошения, N 45 весной при возобновлении вегетации + N15 в фазу колошения). Так, Сорт Рада достоверно превысил контрольный вариант (сорт Татьяна) на 0,94 т/га, ниже стандарта оказались сорта Московская 15 и Янтарна. Причем, если по сорту Янтарная отмечается тенденция к уменьшению урожайности (на 0,33 т/га), то сорт Московская 15 достоверно оказался ниже контроля на 0,8 т/га. Разные варианты внесения азотной подкормки достоверно увеличили сбор зерна и кормовых единиц. Максимальное значение этих показателей отмечается при внесении азотной подкормки в дозе N 45 (весной при возобновлении вегетации) + N15 (в фазу колошения). Внесение минерального питания увеличивает затраты на производство зерна. По результатам экономического анализа самая низкая себестоимость (2,9 руб./кг) и наивысшие уровни рентабельности отмечены при возделывании сорта Рада в вариантах с внесением N45 весной в подкормку (188,0%) и N15 в подкормку в фазу колошения (192,3%). Внесение азотных подкормок в данных вариантах на фоне основного внесения азофоски в дозе 1,5 ц/га привело к увеличению себестоимости одного килограмма зерна до 3,3 руб., но было высокорентабельным (уровни рентабельности производства зерна соответственно 157 и 156%). Ключевые слова: сортоизучение озимой ржи, основное внесение удобрений, уровни азотного питания, продуктивность, кормовая единица, рентабельность производства зерна озимой ржи
The article presents data of 2019-2021 on the influence of agroclimatic conditions and doses of mineral fertilizers on the grain productivity of 13 varieties of spring triticale. A close dependence of the yield of triticale varieties on the reserves of productive moisture in the soil layer of 0-50 cm was established for the periods May-June (r = 0.73) and July-August (r = 0.85). Without the use of mineral fertilizers in arid conditions with reserves of productive moisture in 0-50 cm soil layer from 61 to 92 mm in the first half of the growing season, the grain productivity of spring triticale varieties was less than 3 t/ha. Under more favorable conditions of soil moistening (154 mm), the yield was almost 4 t/ha, which is a very good indicator for the conditions of Mari El Republic. Against the background of the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N30-60P60K60, the grain productivity of varieties increased: Rovnya by 20-33 %, Saur ‒ 57-78 %, Savva ‒ 5-22 %, Timur ‒ 39-77 %, Dobroye ‒ 42-60 %, Zaozerye ‒ 38-40 %, KNIISKH 9 ‒ 16-40 %, KNIISKH 11 ‒ 12-30 %, KNIISKH 22 ‒ 22-28 %. On average, over three years of research, the varieties of spring triticale Dobroye (3.43 t/ha), Savva (3.12 t/ha) and KNIISKH 9 (3.26 t/ha) were characterized by a weak reaction to unfavorable soil moisture conditions and provided consistently high productivity of feed grain. The case of Dobroye variety, the most optimal variant for cultivating spring triticale in a simulated agrophytocenosis with a seeding rate of 4 million germinating seeds per hectare when applying N60P30K30 is established. On average for two years of the research the yield of this variety has reached 4.12 t/ha with a seeding rate of 4 million germinating seeds per hectare, which is 8 % higher than the control (3 million germinating seeds per hectare) and 22 % higher than in the variant with a seeding rate of 5 million pcs/ha.
The construction of modern poultry farms has significantly increased the proportion of bird droppings in the total production of organic fertilizers. Due to the high concentration of poultry farms on the territory of the Mari El Republic, the need has arisen to search for and scientifically sound introduction of new technologies that are not traditional for our zone of fertilizers, techniques and methods of growing crops based on agricultural biologization in order to significantly reduce the chemical load on the soil. One of the methods to improve soil fertility is the use of granular organic fertilizers based on bird droppings. We conducted studies on the use of GOF based on chicken droppings in the cultivation of spring wheat. Studies have shown that the use of granular organic fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in spring wheat yields. The highest value was observed for the option with the introduction of GOF at a dose of 400 kg/ha, and amounted to 2.18 t/ha, which is 34.6% higher than the option without fertilizers. It should be noted that the use of GOF based on bird droppings contributed to the reduction of root rot susceptibility of spring wheat, the smallest spread and development of root rot was in the variant with 400 kg/ha - 44.7% and 24.1%, which is 28.8% and 41.4% less than in the variant without fertilizers.
The purpose of the research is to study the effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the dynamics of humus in the sod-podzolic medium-loam soil of the Republic of Mari El. It was found that in the control grain-grass crop rotation on the natural soil fertility for 24 years, the humus content in the soil gradually decreased. By the end of the second rotation, it decreased by 0.03%, in the third-by another 0.08 % and the fourth-by 0.02 %. The content of humus in the soil of the first fruit-bearing crop rotation decreased even more intensively than in the control. In 2001, the content of humus in the natural soil fertility decreased by 0.05% compared to the initial state. In 2007, at the end of the second rotation, humus in the first crop rotation decreased by 0.09…0.10 % from the initial state. In 2013 - by 0.16…0.17 %. The lowest humus content- 1.55 % for all the time of research was in the soil of the first fruit-bearing crop rotation at the end of the Quad rotation against the background of natural soil fertility. The difference compared to the initial state in this variant was -0.17 %. The highest humus content was in the soil of the second crop rotation, where rotted manure was applied under potatoes-80 t / ha. By the end of the first rotation, the humus content in the soil of the crop rotation increased by 0.03…0.04 %. By the end of the second-by 0.11% relative to the first rotation, the third-by 0.10…0.12 %, the fourth-by 0.20…0.21 %. Against a background without fertilizers, the humus content was always higher than when using N60P60K60. The most stable humus content was in the soil of the third crop rotation. In this rotation of six fields, two fields were under perennial legumes. During three rotations, the content of humus in the soil in this crop rotation was within the range of 1.72…1.74 %. Only after the fourth rotation, the humus content decreased to 1.70…1.73 %.
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