<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Analytical calculations along with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of a Boeing 737-600 cabin with a single infector (a passenger) has been performed using a passive scalar gas with particle sizes similar to the sizes of influenza virus laden particles which are assumed to be comparable to the sizes of the Coronavirus laden particles. CFD results of the virus transport and concentration were used in conjunction with the Wells-Riley (WR) quanta estimation from two well-documented cases of influenza infection on airplanes (with the assumption that the infections were primarily from the airborne route), to estimate the infectious rate. The risk of infection is estimated by the quanta of viruses inhaled assuming 0.3 CFM of passive scalar gas corresponds to 1267 viruses/minute released. Results indicate that with a 3-hour flight, the risk of infection is nearly 50% for those sitting in the vicinity of the infector which is equal to 2-3 infections for 131 passengers.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A comparison to a documented COVID-19 case shows that 4 symptomatic passengers could infect 2 others if the COVID-19 virus infectiousness lays mid-range of the influenza infectious doses.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of masks could dramatically reduce the risk of airborne infection. When the infector wears a mask the virus concentration is reduced for all other passengers and the mask is more effective at catching the virus droplets before they dry out in the cabin air. A significant reduction in virus transport and the infectious rate was observed with the N95 mask for a 3-hour flight.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">With 2.9-ft social distancing (vacant middle seat) resulting in 2/3 cabin passenger capacity, the ventilation rate per person is increased by 45% and the risk of infection was dropped by more than 48%.</div></div>
The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) involvement in the subject area is generally limited to establishment of training standards, production, and distribution of training aids, and monitoring ongoing training to assure that regulatory standards are met. The screener/passenger interface is critical not only in assuring the safety of the system, but in projecting the airline image. It is not coincidental that laws and regulations governing the screening process call for courteous and tactful deportment on the part of all screeners. Training requirements include a vigorous testing program conducted by FAA and the airlines. As new threats evolve, such as the use of flammable liquids by Cuban refugees, FAA's training materials are updated and sophisticated. Training records are maintained for every screener and are monitored closely by FAA to assure effectiveness of the system. The cornerstone of the security safeguards in place at U.S. airports is the screening system. Only through continuous training can we collectively have confidence in the safety and security of air transportation in the United States.
A review of the Civil Aviation Security Program is presented. The history of the program is outlined as well as the training of operators, and tests of the effectiveness of the system are discussed. Finally, the magnitude and effectiveness of the program are addressed.
This paper examines the existing passenger screening procedures in use at airports throughout Europe. The question of numerous national boundaries over a relatively small distance and the problems these raise because of differing interpretation of national and international law is discussed. The function of the European Civil Aviation Conference in setting up a working group on security problems is explained and the matters under discussion by the two subgroups which deal with passenger screening. The one subgroup dealing with the study of administrative and operational aspects and the other subgroup focusing upon the study of technical aspects are put into perspective. The methods of financing security measures are explained, and a brief comparison of the systems used follows. The paper concludes with advice to security operatives on methods and practices for good screening.
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