Material loss due to sand erosion can cause severe damage to oil and gas production facilities and lead to leaks and ruptures if left undetected. The design of oil and gas production equipment to safely withstand sand erosion and simultaneously optimize production requires a reliable erosion prediction tool. One of the key requirements for such a tool is that it correctly models both the erosion resistances of the exposed materials and the effects of the particle impact trajectories and velocities.Key to this is a full understanding of the individual materials and their impact resistance. This is because the impact behavior varies very much between materials and models cannot be simplified to two approaches: ductile or brittle. Model validity must be questioned as the oil industry begins to implement hardened and high chrome content materials.UNS N06625 and UNS S32750 are two of the popular alloys in the subsea industry. Despite the popularity of these materials, little erosion data or validated models for either application are found in the literature. Another significant gap is related to experimental studies aimed at understanding the erosion caused by fines.To fill this gap and provide verification of the existing models, a series of experiments were conducted and analyzed. Direct impact erosion experiments for UNS N06625 cladding and UNS S32750 were conducted using sand particles carried by air at ambient temperature and pressure. The sand particle sizes ranged from 27 µm to 619 µm, sand particle velocities from about 25 m/s to 160 m/s, and impact angles from 15° to 90°. An erosion correlation for each material was derived from these experimental data. The erosion correlations were then applied within a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model for a typical subsea assembly to demonstrate the applications. A significant contribution is that these experiments and correlations provide an input to the understanding of erosion for the full range of particle size, impact angles, velocities, and how these are related to erosion in modern corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs).
In Siddha system of medicine, even though metals and minerals are purified by specific purification process called suddhi and made into non toxic medicines after undergoing many flawless, specialized preparation techniques, a medicine containing metals and minerals is remaining as a frightening agent in the view of common people. To overcome this, herbs which have the efficacy of copper (Sembu) metal have been searched for.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.