Pollen is routinely monitored, but it is unknown whether pollen counts represent allergen exposure. We therefore simultaneously determined olive pollen and Ole e 1 in ambient air in Córdoba, Spain, and Évora, Portugal, using Hirst‐type traps for pollen and high‐volume cascade impactors for allergen. Pollen from different days released 12‐fold different amounts of Ole e 1 per pollen (both locations P < 0.001). Average allergen release from pollen (pollen potency) was much higher in Córdoba (3.9 pg Ole e 1/pollen) than in Évora (0.8 pg Ole e 1/pollen, P = 0.004). Indeed, yearly olive pollen counts in Córdoba were 2.4 times higher than in Évora, but Ole e 1 concentrations were 7.6 times higher. When modeling the origin of the pollen, >40% of Ole e 1 exposure in Évora was explained by high‐potency pollen originating from the south of Spain. Thus, olive pollen can vary substantially in allergen release, even though they are morphologically identical.

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Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals is an established risk factor for obesity. The most commonly used pesticide active ingredients have never been tested in an adipogenesis assay. We tested for the first time the potential of glyphosate, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, mesotrione, isoxaflutole, and quizalofop-p-ethyl (QpE) to induce lipid accumulation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Only QpE caused a dose-dependent statistically significant triglyceride accumulation from a concentration of 5 up to 100 µM. The QpE commercial formulation Targa Super was 100 times more cytotoxic than QpE alone. Neither the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182, 780 nor the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 was able to block the QpE-induced lipid accumulation. RNAseq analysis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to QpE suggests that this compound exerts its lipid accumulation effects via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-mediated pathway, a nuclear receptor whose modulation influences lipid metabolism. QpE was further shown to be active in a PPARγ reporter gene assay at 100 µM, reaching 4% of the maximal response produced by rosiglitazone, which acts as a positive control. This indicates that lipid accumulation induced by QpE is only in part caused by PPARγ activation. The lipid accumulation capability of QpE we observe suggest that this pesticide, whose use is likely to increase in coming years may have a hitherto unsuspected obesogenic property.

Background: This study presents the findings of a 10-year survey carried out by the Portuguese Aerobiology

Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com". Abstract Introduction Fungal spores constitute an important fraction of bioaerosols in the atmosphere. Objectives To analyse the content of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores in the atmosphere of Beja and the effect of meteorological conditions on their concentrations. Methodology The daily and hourly data of Alternaria and Cladosporium fungal spores concentration in the atmosphere of Beja were monitored from April 12, 2012 to July 30, 2014, based on the Portuguese Aerobiology Network methodology.The influence of meteorological conditions on the studied types of fungal spore concentrations was assessed through Spearman's correlation analysis.Results During the study period, 20,741 Alternaria spores and 320,862 Cladosporium spores were counted. In 2013, there were 5,822 Alternaria spores and 123,864 Cladosporium spores. The absolute maximum concentrations of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores were recorded on November 8, 2013, with 211 and 1301 spores/m 3 , respectively. Temperature,

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RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar a distribuição dos esporos de fungos potencialmente alergizantes em Lisboa no triénio 2014 -2016, caracterizar a sua prevalência na atmosfera e estudar a influência dos fatores meteorológicos nas suas concentrações. Métodos: Monitorizaram -se os esporos de fungos presentes no ar atmosférico de Lisboa entre 1 de janeiro de 2014 e 31 de dezembro de 2016. A amostragem foi efetuada através um captador Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore -trap ® .Para identificação e quantificação de esporos de fungos recorreu -se a um sistema de leitura ao microscópio ótico baseado na análise de uma linha longitudinal ao centro da lâmina com uma ampliação de 600x. A influência dos factores meteorológicos sobre as concentrações dos esporos foi realizada pela análise da correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Neste estudo obteve -se uma concentração média diária de 3118 esporos/m 3 de ar. A concentração anual total de esporos de fungos de 2014 foi a mais elevada (1 258 580 esporos/m 3 de ar). Os tipos de esporos com maior prevalência na atmosfera de Lisboa foram Cladosporium cladosporoides (48,2%), Coprinus (4,5%), Leptosphaeria (2,5%), Agaricus (2,0%), Cladosporium herbarum (1,9%), Ustilago (1,5%) e Alternaria (1,2%). As concentrações mais elevadas registaram -se nos meses de verão e outono. Constatou -se um claro efeito dos parâmetros meteorológicos sobre as concentrações dos esporos de fungos. A temperatura média apresentou uma correlação positiva com a concentração total de esporos Cladosporium, Alternaria e Ustilago e negativa com Coprinus, Agaricus e Leptosphaeria. A humidade relativa e a precipitação, relacionadas com a concentração total de esporos fúngicos, tiveram um efeito positivo significativo sobre os R e v P o r t I m u n o a l e r g o l o g i a 2 0 1 9 ; 2 7 ( 1 ) : 2 9 -3 9 Data de receção / níveis de Coprinus, Agaricus e Leptosphaeria, apresentando uma correlação negativa com os níveis de Cladosporium, Alternaria e Ustilago. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu conhecer o tipo e a distribuição dos esporos de fungos presentes na atmosfera de Lisboa. Verificou -se uma tendência sazonal semelhante nos três anos estudados. Os níveis de esporos de fungos mais elevados foram registados no verão e no outono. O género Cladosporium representou 50% do total dos esporos coletados. A variação dos parâmetros meteorológicos influencia, claramente, as concentrações dos esporos de fungos. A temperatura média foi o fator que exerceu maior influência nos níveis de esporos.Palavras -chave: Aerobiologia, esporos de fungos, fatores meteorológicos, Lisboa. ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the distribution of potentially allergenic spores in the city of Lisbon in the triennium 2014--2016, to charactere its prevalence in the outdoor atmosphere and to study the influence of the meteorological factors on the concentrations. Methodology: Monitoring data from the Lisbon station of the Portuguese Aerobiology Network of fungal spores from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 were analyzed. A Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore -trap ® c...