Sixteen male, yearling Murrah buffaloes were randomly assigned to four groups of four buffaloes each. Each animal in Gr-I and II were immunized, respectively, with 4.8 mg of excretory secretory antigen and 1,300µg Infection Specific Antigen, in three divided doses. Subsequently, each animal in Gr-I, II, and III was per os infected with 800 viable Fasciola gigantica metacercariae (bubaline origin) on week-6 after the start of the experiment, while animals in Gr-IV served as healthy controls. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations progressively increased during the prepatency and respectively attained the highest levels during week-6 and 8 post-infection (PI). The alkaline phosphatase (AP) exhibited elevated trends from eighth week PI onward and continued to be higher until the end (p<0.05-0.01). With the cessation of traumatic activities of the diastomes, the AST and ALT levels declined yet were throughout significantly higher than the healthy controls (p<0.05-0.01). In the immunized animals (Gr-I and II), the fluctuation patterns were similar but the values were significantly lower than the non-immunized (Gr-III) animals (p<0.05-0.01). The elevated levels of the enzymes had positive correlation with depressed erythrocytic indices, leucocytosis, eosinophilia, necropsy worm recovery, and hepatic lesion score in the respective groups. The increased concentrations of the enzymes revealed two clearly demarcated stages: (a) remarkably elevated AST (40.8%) and ALT (140.0%) levels during the prepatency, signifying traumatic lesions inflicted by the F. gigantica adolescercariae and (b) the significant increase in AP (107.9%), suggestive of bile duct hyperplasia, cholangitis, periportal fibrosis, and biliary obstruction etc. from sixth week PI onward. None of healthy controls developed clinical signs and had normal hematological and serum enzyme profiles. Diagnostic significance of these marker enzymes in the disease forecasting and in time application of control strategies to combat tropical fasciolosis in buffaloes in the endemic areas has been discussed.

Disease-related stress associated with Fasciola gigantica infection was investigated in 16 male, yearling Murrah buffaloes. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were vaccinated subcutaneously with 4.8 mg of excretory-secretory antigen (group 1) or 1300 μg infection-specific antigen (group 2), in three doses. Subsequently, all the animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 were infected orally with 800 viable F gigantica metacercariae (bubaline origin) on week 6 of the experiment. The animals in group 4 served as healthy controls. The clinical progress of the disease with respect to the adrenocortical response to infection was assessed periodically. The infected animals in group 3 developed characteristic signs of the disease and had the highest in situ fluke population (mean [se] 331.8 [19.5] ). One of the four animals in group 3 died on day 110 postinfection (PI). Animals that had been immunised before infection (groups 1 and 2) acquired adequate levels of immunity, were comparatively healthier and had significantly lower (P<0.05) fluke populations (mean [se] 194.3 [11.8] in group 1 and 164.5 [9.2] in group 2). Throughout the course of the disease, the group 3 animals had significantly higher cortisol levels than those in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.01) from week 4 PI onward. Although animals in the immunised groups (groups 1 and 2) had increased hormone levels, they were not significantly different from those in the control animals in group 4. Cortisol levels were higher during the early prepatency phase (weeks 1 to 6 PI) than during the late prepatency and/or patency phases of the disease. Cortisol levels in the healthy control animals in group 4 remained within the normal range.

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In an organized poultry farm 8-12 weeks old grower flocks of pearl variety guinea fowls have shown symptoms like anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy and emaciation. There was also 3.5 % morality in the flock. Postmortem revealed the highly inflamed mucosa severely studded with ascarid larvae at the jejunum and ileum region. Few adult parasites were present in the lumen and were identified as Ascaridia numidae based on their microscopic morphology. Pooled droppings from pens were examined for EPG. Histopathology revealed numerous larvae in the lumen, mucosa and submousa of the intestine. Treatment with piperazine adipate significantly reduced the mortality to 0.8 %. EPG was significantly reduced after treatment. All these findings indicated that the cause of morbidity and mortality in pearl variety guinea fowls was due to A. numidae infection.

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