A particularly important factor in the epidemiology of bacterial infections is the introduction of pathogens posing a risk to other animals and humans into the soil, plants and especially water, as contaminants together with faeces. Our study presents screening of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different populations of deer that were displaced under reintroduction programmes. Based on our own research and the literature data, it seems that wild ruminants play an important role in the maintenance of zoonotic pathogens and information about zoonoses from red deer will become increasingly important as deer populations continue to grow, especially in Europe.
We conducted a comparative analysis of the aerobic cloacal bacteria of European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) living in their natural environment and juvenile turtles reared under controlled conditions in a breeding center. We included 130 turtles in the study. The aerobic bacteria isolated from the cloaca of the juvenile turtles were less diverse and more prevalent than the bacteria isolated from free-living adults. We isolated 17 bacterial species from juvenile captive turtles, among which the dominant species were Cellulomonas flavigena (77/96), Enterococcus faecalis (96/96), Escherichia coli (58/96), and Proteus mirabilis (41/96). From the adult, free-living turtles, we isolated 36 bacterial species, some of which are a potential threat to public health (e.g., Salmonella enterica serovars Newport, Daytona, and Braenderup; Listeria monocytogenes; Yersinia enterocolitica; Yersinia ruckeri; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Vibrio fluvialis; and Serratia marcescens), and pathogens that are etiologic agents of diseases of ectothermic animals (e.g., Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas caviae, Hafnia alvei, Edwardsiella tarda, and Citrobacter braakii; the last two species were isolated from both groups of animals). The cloacal bacterial biota of the European pond turtle was characterized by numerous species of bacteria, and its composition varied with turtle age and environmental conditions. The small number of isolated bacteria that are potential human pathogens may indicate that the European pond turtle is of relatively minor importance as a threat to public health.
DZIEDZICDziQciolowski R., K ru p k a J., B ajandelger & D ziedzie R., 1980: A rgali a n d S ib eria n ibex populations in th e ¡Khuhsyrh R eserv e in M ongolian A ltai. A cta theriol., 25, 16: 213-219 [With 3 T ables & 1 Fig.].Two expeditions organized in F eb ru ary an d A ugust 1979 to th e reserv e (83.5 thous.ha) in v estigated the p resen t sta tu s of b o th populations in w hat is m eant a p rim e h ab itat fo r these anim als in Mongolia. A rgali population was estim ated on ca 600 in d ividuals. Sex ratio am ounted to 1:11.5 on the fav o u r of fem ales in sum m er, w hile in w in te r it rose to 1:2. The population had follow ing stru c tu re : 28% ram s, 41% ew es and 31% lam bs in sum m er and 38% ram s, 45% ew es and 17% lam bs in w inter. R ealized in c re m e n t am o u n ted to 16 lam bs per 100 fem ales. M ean density v arie d from 1.2 an im als/k m 2 in sum m er to 0.8/km2 in w in ter. Ibex population was estim ated on ca 1,000 anim als. Sex ratio v arie d from 1:2 in 'sum m er to 1:2.2 in w in ter. The population had follow ing stru c tu re : 21% m ales, 45% fem ales and 34% kids in sum m er and 21% m ales, 46% fem ales and 33% kids in w inter. R ealized increm en t am ounted to 71 faw ns per 100 fem ales in F eb ru ary . M ean density of ibex population was 1.0/km2 throu g h o u t a year. Both species a re gregarious, th e m ost im p o rtan t aggregations being herds of dams w ith kids d uring sum m er and m ixed ones d u rin g w inter. Each of th e species studied reveals d iffe ren t h ab itat preferences. A rgali p re fe r grassy areas th a t are not too steep, w hile ibex -rougher, m ore precipitous slopes.[F orestry Res. Inst., W ery K ostrzew y 3, 02-362 W arszaw a, Poland].
Gnat S., Dziedzic R., Nowakiewicz A., Zięba P., Trościańczyk A., Majer-Dziedzic B., Ziółkowska G., Beeger S., Wójcik M.Effect of balanced supplementary feeding in winter on qualitative and quantitative changes in the population of microbes colonizing the rumen of red deer Summary Ruminants are a group of animals that process and assimilate their food in a unique manner. The functioning of the digestive tract of these animals is closely related to the abundance and composition of microbes in the forestomach, which is a complex ecosystem of bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Microorganisms present in the rumen, and in particular their effect on physiological processes in the body, influence the animal's physical condition and state of health. Microbiological examination of rumen microbiota ecology is hindered by a lack of selective growth media, as well as by difficulties in isolating bacteria in vitro and accurately identifying them. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of food consumed by red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the diversity of their rumen microbiota. Microbes were compared in two study periods. In autumn the animals' diet came exclusively from natural plant sources, while in winter, supplementary feeding was introduced, including specially prepared fodder. The study showed that in deer that did not receive the special fodder in winter, but only natural plant components, the abundance of bacterial flora decreased significantly compared with what it was in autumn, unlike in animals that did receive the fodder, whose composition and caloric value substantially increased the activity of rumen microbes. In winter, changes in proportions of different morphological forms of rumen bacteria were observed, as well as a decline in their total number, particularly in the animals that did not receive the pellets. A similar decline was also observed in the populations of yeasts and protozoa in winter. To sum up the results of the study, the use of the specially prepared high-calorie fodder in winter was shown to influence the rumen ecosystem of red deer. The most significant factor improving the condition of deer receiving supplementary fodder during this period is the stabilization of bacterial flora in the rumen, which directly contributes to the efficiency of digestion.
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