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THIS PAGE WAS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKABSTRACT Photovoltaic systems, the state of the art of power conditioning subsystem components, and the design and operational interaction between photovoltaic systems and host utilities are detailed in this document. Major technical issues relating to the design and development of power conditioning systems for photovoltaic application are also considered, including: (1) standards, guidelines, and specifications; ( 2 ) cost-effective hardware design; ( 3 ) impact of advanced components on power conditioning developnient ; ( 4 ) protection and safety; ( 5 ) quality of power; ( 6 ) system efficiency; and ( 7 ) system integration with the host utility. In addition, theories of harmonic distortion and reactive power flow are discussed, and information about power conditioner hardware and manufacturers is provided.iii FOREWORD Powzr conditioning development has been a significant component of the Photovoltaics (PV) Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This document establishes a perspective for that effort. Because alternative renewable energy sources are expected to become competitive with more conventional utility energy generation sources, realization of the full potential of the alternative energy will ultimately require interconnections with the utility grid. Power conditioners must therefore be grid compatible. The DOE has long recognized the need to resolve interconnection issues to ensure s smooth integration of Dispersed Storage and Generations (DSG) systems into the utility grid. The Electric Energy Systems Division (DOE/EES) has been given the generic responsibility for ensuring the integration of ...
