Studies have shown that heavy metals can reduce decomposition rates. Since litter decomposition is an essential part of forest mineral cycles, understanding the degree of impact that these substances have on such a key process is important. Two similar black oak forests, East Chicago (impacted) and Willow Slough (background), were chosen as study areas. Microcosms containing litter and mineral soil were collected at each site and returned to the laboratory where comparative measurements of carbon dioxide evolution were taken at 0, 12, 36, and 84 hours, and at 23 days. Measurements indicated a higher decomposition rate for the Willow Slough microcosms (138 mg CO2/hour per kg at 23 days) compared to the East Chicago microcosms (94 mg CO2/hour per kg). Additional microcosms from Willow Slough were treated with solutions containing all possible combinations of 0, 0.1, or 10 ppm CdCl2 and 0, 100, or 1,000 ppm ZnCl2. Metal concentrations applied were equivalent to litter and soil levels at East Chicago. Statistically significant differences were detected only 36 hours and 23 days after treatment. Reduced respiration rates were associated with high concentrations of CdCl2/ZnCl2. Suppression of respiration rates due to osmotic effects of metal salts was rejected after microcosms treated with KCl and CaCl2 exhibited no change in respiration. While high levels of cadmium and zinc produced reductions in respiration rates compared to controls, low level treatments may have stimulated decomposition slightly.
Furfural-modified phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resol resins were synthesized by replacing the formaldehyde at a 12.5 mole% level with furfural. The nonvolatile sob'ds contents were set at 42%, 46% and 50% to reflect the molecular weight ränge of the comparable PF resol resins currently used in this application. Evaluations of these furfural-modified PF resins äs oriented Strandboard (OSB) adhesive binders indicated that the furfural modification at this level is a technically feasible raethod. The Chemical structure of furfural-modified PF resins studied by fractionation and 13 CNMR has shown that furfural is incorporated within the phenolic polymer structure most likely äs furanylmethine groups while some furanylmethylol groups are also present in low molecular weight fractions.
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