Abstract:We demonstrate the advantage of combining non-diffractive beam shapes and femtosecond bursts for volume laser processing of transparent materials. By re-distribution of the single laser pulse energy into several sub-pulses with 25 ns time delay, the energy deposition in the material can be enhanced significantly. Our combined experimental and theoretical analysis shows that in burst-mode detrimental defocusing by the laser generated plasma is reduced, and the non-diffractive beam shape prevails. At the same time, heat accumulation during the interaction with the burst leads to temperatures high enough to induce material melting and even in-volume cracks. In an exemplary case study, we demonstrate that the formation of these cracks can be controlled to allow high-speed and high-quality glass cutting.

Femtosecond Bessel-Gauss beams are attractive tools to a large area of laser processes including high aspect ratio volume nanostructuration in dielectric materials. Understanding the dielectric material response to femtosecond Bessel-Gauss beam irradiation is key in controlling its modifications and designing new structures. In this work, we show how the material ionization affects the propagation of the femtosecond Bessel-Gauss laser beam and can limit the laser energy deposition. By performing 2D/3D numerical simulations, we evaluate the absorbed laser energy and subsequent material modifications. First, we model the electron dynamics in the material coupled to the 3D laser propagation effects. Then, we consider 2D thermo-elasto-plastic simulations to characterize the medium modifications. Results show that the laser ionized matter induces a screening of the incident gaussian beams which form the Bessel-Gauss beam. This effect leads to a limitation of the maximum laser energy deposition even if the incident laser energy increases. It can be reduced if a tigthly focused femtosecond Bessel-Gauss beam is used as the angular aperture of the cone along which the incident gaussian beams are distributed is larger.

The absorbed laser energy of a femtosecond laser pulse in a transparent material induces a warm dense matter region which relaxation may lead to structural modifications in the surrounding cold matter. The modeling of the thermo-elasto-plastic material response is addressed to predict such modifications. It has been developed in a 2D plane geometry and implemented in a hydrodynamic lagrangian code. The particular case of a tightly focused laser beam in the bulk of fused silica is considered as a first application of the proposed general model. It is shown that the warm dense matter relaxation, influenced by the elasto-plastic behavior of the surrounding cold matter, generates both a strong shock and rarefaction waves. Permanent deformations appear in the surrounding solid matter if the induced stress becomes larger than the yield strength. This interaction results in the formation of a submicrometric cavity surrounded by an overdense area. This approach also allows one to predict regions where cracks may form. The present modeling can be used to design nano-structures induced by short laser pulses.

The formation and the interaction of multiple cavities, induced by tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses, are studied by using a developed numerical tool, including the thermo-elasto-plastic material response. Simulations are performed in fused silica in cases of one, two, and four spots of laser energy deposition. The relaxation of the heated matter, launching shock waves in the surrounding cold material, leads to cavity formation and emergence of areas where cracks may be induced. Results show that the laser-induced structure shape depends on the energy deposition configuration and demonstrate the potential of the used numerical tool to obtain the desired designed structure or technological process.

We present a series of shock-wave measurements on aluminum based on the use of a simultaneous Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) and triature velocity interferometer system for any reflector. Our dual setup can accurately measure shock velocities, especially in the low-speed range (<100 m s−1) and fast dynamics (<10 ns) where measurements are critical in terms of resolution and unfolding techniques. Especially, the direct comparison of both techniques at the same measurement point helps the physicist in determining coherent settings for the short time Fourier transform analysis of the PDV, providing increased reliability of the velocity measurement with a global resolution of few m s−1 in velocity and few ns FWHM in time. The advantages of such coupled velocimetry measurements are discussed, as well as new opportunities in dynamic materials science and applications.