This study investigated the parameters of eating behavior in subjects meeting the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa (BN). Twenty BN and 24 female comparison (FC) subjects monitored hourly over a number of consecutive days their food intake, mood, hunger, social circumstances, and experiences of unpleasant events. Compared with FC subjects, BN subjects reported more positive moods relative to their typical moods in the hour prior to consuming a meal. Within the BN group, subjects reported more negative moods in the hour prior to a binge episode compared with their moods prior to consuming a snack or meal. The BN subjects were also calorie deprived in the hour prior to a binge episode relative to FC subjects at an equivalent time of the day. These results are discussed within the framework of restraint theory.

Caregivers for patients undergoing solid organ transplantation play an essential role in the process of transplantation. However, little is known about stress and coping among these caregivers. Six hundred and twenty-one primary caregivers of potential candidates for lung (n = 317), liver (n = 147), heart (n = 115), and/or kidney (n = 42) transplantation completed a psychometric test battery at the time of the candidate’s initial pre-transplant psychosocial evaluation. Caregivers were generally well adjusted, with only 17% exhibiting clinical symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II score > 13) and 13% reporting clinical levels of anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory score >48). Greater caregiver burden and negative coping styles were associated with higher levels of depression. Greater objective burden and avoidant coping were associated with higher levels of anxiety. Caregivers evidenced a high degree of socially desirable (i.e., defensive) responding, which may reflect a deliberate effort to minimize fears or worries so as to not jeopardize patients’ listing status.

Epigastric vessels are usually located in the area between 4 and 8 cm from the midline. Staying away from this area will determine the safe zone of entry of the anterior abdominal wall.

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Rationale: The use of 6-minute-walk distance (6MWD) as an indicator of exercise capacity to predict postoperative survival in lung transplantation has not previously been well studied.Objectives: To evaluate the association between 6MWD and postoperative survival following lung transplantation.Methods: Adult, first time, lung-only transplantations per the United Network for Organ Sharing database from May 2005 to December 2011 were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to determine the association between preoperative 6MWD and post-transplant survival after adjusting for potential confounders. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the 6MWD value that provided maximal separation in 1-year mortality. A subanalysis was performed to assess the association between 6MWD and post-transplant survival by disease category. Measurements and Main Results:A total of 9,526 patients were included for analysis. The median 6MWD was 787 ft (25th-75th percentiles = 450-1,082 ft). Increasing 6MWD was associated with significantly lower overall hazard of death (P , 0.001). Continuous increase in walk distance through 1,200-1,400 ft conferred an incremental survival advantage. Although 6MWD strongly correlated with survival, the impact of a single dichotomous value to predict outcomes was limited. All disease categories demonstrated significantly longer survival with increasing 6MWD (P < 0.009) except pulmonary vascular disease (P = 0.74); however, the low volume in this category (n = 312; 3.3%) may limit the ability to detect an association.Conclusions: 6MWD is significantly associated with posttransplant survival and is best incorporated into transplant evaluations on a continuous basis given limited ability of a single, dichotomous value to predict outcomes.Keywords: lung transplantation; exercise tolerance; patient outcome assessment The numbers of lung transplantations performed in the United States continue to increase, with more than 1,800 transplants performed in 2011 (1); however, 200-400 deaths continue to occur each year for those with end-stage pulmonary disease awaiting lung transplant (2). Given the scarcity of lung allografts (3), identifying measures to risk-stratify potential transplant recipients based on expected outcome following lung transplantation is of critical importance.Six-minute-walk distance (6MWD) is a commonly used and reproducible measure to evaluate exercise capacity in patients with severe cardiac or pulmonary disease (4). This metric has been shown to accurately predict survival in several pulmonary diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5, 6), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (7), and primary In accordance with the United Network of Organ Sharing and U.S. Lung Allocation score metrics, distances are quantified in feet. The conversion from feet to meters is 3.28 ft = 1 m.