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IEC 61850, IEC 61869 are developed for high speed communication between digital substation devices. These standards also allow interoperability among automation devices of different vendors. This paper presents a bird eye view of these standards that are needed for digital substation application. It discusses the standards IEC 61850 and IEC 61869 used in the communication profile with data availability standards IEC 62439 and methods to synchronizing different devices clocks over the network like IRIG-B and IEEE 1588. Paper confers use and application of constituent chapters of each standard in the digital substation. It concludes selection of synchronization methods based on network area. Index Terms-Digital substation, IEC standard, Merging unit, Process bus, Bay level.

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by whitefly (Bemisiatabaci) transmitted singlestranded DNA viruses belonging to the Genus, Begomovirus (family, Geminiviridae) in association with satellite molecules; is responsible for major economic losses in cotton in three northwest (NW) Indian states Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan. Annual CLCuD incidences during 2012 to 2014 were estimated to be 37.5%, 63.6%, and 38.8% respectively. Cotton leaves were collected from symptomatic plants annually for three years and subjected to DNA isolation, followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA), cloning, and DNA sequencing of apparently full-length begomoviral genomes and associated betasatellites and alphasatellites. Among the thirteen CLCuD-begomoviral genomes recovered, eight were identified as Cotton leaf curl Multan virus-Rajasthan (CLCuMuV-Ra), one as-Pakistan (PK) and another as-Faisalabad (Fai), whereas, three were as Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Burewala (CLCuKoV-Bu), indicating that CLCuMuV-Ra was the most prevalent begomovirus species. Five of the eight CLCuMuV-Ra sequences were found to be recombinants. The CLCuMuV-Ra-associated satellites consisted of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB), and Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDarSLA), and Croton yellow vein mosaic alphasatellite (CrYVMoA). The second most abundant helper virus species, CLCuKoV-Bu, was associated with CLCuMB and GDarSLA.

The DGA(dissolved gas analysis) provides the inside view of transformer. By analyzing the gases we can observer the inner condition of any transformer. Many faults like arcing, overheating, partial discharge can only be detected by analyzing the gases only. In this paper different algorithms used for DGA analysis are described with their principles. This paper focuses on the literature review of different gas analysis techniques. It provides the overview of all techniques with their working methodology.

SUMMARY :Front line demonstartions (FLDs) is an appropriate tool to demonstrate recommended technologies among the farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ambala (Haryana) conducted 25 demonstrations especially on plant protections measures adopted in Rabi onion against the purple blotch and thrips attack in onion. The critical inputs were identified from the recommended package of practices of Punjab and their usages were discussed in practising farmer's trainings at the farmer's field and KVK campus. The constraints in the production of onion crop were identified and their remedies at farming situation were studied along with the participation of farmers with more emphasizes to increase the productivity of onion per unit area and also get the feedback from farmers on the performance demonstrated plot of onion during the period of study of four years (2009-2010 to 2012-2013) . The average four years data revealed that an average yield of demonstrated plot was obtained 190 q/ha and local check (171.50 q/ha) and the average percentage increase in yield over local check was 12.50 per cent. The average extension gap were found to be 18.40 q/ha. From the study, it revealed that over the year's local selection (Kali Patti Pyaz) performed better at demonstrated plot in comparison to local check. Benefit: cost ratio was recorded to be higher under demonstrated plot against check during the part of the study.