A total of 66.6% of Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with peptic ulcers produced a cytotoxin active against mammalian cells in vitro, versus 30.1 % of strains isolated from patients with chronic gastritis of various degrees of severity only. This difference was statistically significant and suggests that the toxic substance could be involved in the development of peptic ulcers.

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The occurrence of killer yeasts in an area of Tuscany (central Italy) was studied. Killer yeasts were found in 88% of spontaneous wine fermentations from 18 wineries. The incidence of killers varied with respect to fermentation stage and vintage period, increasing from the first vintage to successive ones and from the commencement to the end of fermentation. At the end of fermentation, the proportion of killer strains relative to total yeast population was below 25% in 15 cases, above 75% in 6 cases, from 25 to 50%o in 5 cases, and from 50 to 75% in 3 cases. Karyotype analysis also showed a mixed killer population in the fermentations in which the killers dominated.

Thirty-six isolates of H. pylori from up to three gastric biopsy sites (antrum, corpus and fundus) from 13 patients in Italy with different degrees of histological gastritis were investigated. All strains were tested for motility, cytotoxicity and degree of adhesion, and were typed by analysis of ribosomal RNA gene patterns (ribopatterns). Seventeen different DNA types (ribotypes) were identified, with each patient possessing H. pylori of one or more unique types. Only two patients had identical H. pylori at three sites. Most patients had H. pylori with different ribotypes or subtypes, but nine strains were not typable. Five patients had the same strain colonizing two of the three sites and atypical strains were mostly from the antrum. A complex pattern of H. pylori colonization in the stomach of some individuals was evident and suggested multiple sources of infection. No consistent associations were detected between degree of gastritis and adherence, cytotoxicity and motility but a 2.56Kb rRNA gene fragment that had a higher frequency in strains associated with severe gastritis than mild gastritis, may provide a useful molecular marker for future pathogenicity studies.

We describe a genetic system in which transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus sanguis was used to insert recombinant DNA into the conjugative chromosomal element Qi(cat tetM) 6001 (fQ6001). The element containing the recombinant DNA was then transferred by conjugation to the chromosome of transformable and nontransformable streptococci. When Escherichia coli plasmid pDP36 was used as donor in transformation, it was capable of inserting 5.9 kilobases of heterologous DNA into the chromosome of competent streptococcal strains carrying Q16001; the transformants were scored for erythromycin resistance. Genetic analysis showed that in a fraction of the erythromycin-resistant transformants the integration via flanking homology of the heterologous DNA caused inactivation of the tetM gene of Q6001. By analyzing the stability of the resistance markers, we found that stable integration of heterologous DNA was achieved only in the erythromycin-resistant, tetracycline-sensitive transformants. It was possible to detect conjugal transfer of the heterologous sequences from stable transformants to strains of S. pneumoniae, S. sanguis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus faecalis. The fQ6001-pDP36 host-vector system opens new possibilities for gene transfer in streptococci. By this method cloned streptococcal DNA (possibly mutagenized in vitro) can be returned to the original host, greatly facilitating complementation tests and fine physiological studies.