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The oligomers of thiophene include some that are highly promising for application in thin film transistor devices. The properties of α‐quaterthiophene (α‐4T) have been investigated to see if it would also be suitable for such applications. The growth of crystals of α‐4T is described and the crystal structure data obtained from single crystals of two polymorphs are presented. The differences and similarities of the structure and electronic band structure of the two polymorphs are pointed out, including the expected enhanced mobility of the high‐temperature polymorph.

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a-hexathienyl ( a -6 T ) is a highly promising material for application in thin film transistor devices. Recently, record high mobilities, together with record high current on/off ratios, have been reported. 1 Thus far, structural information on this exciting material is sketchy. The crystal structures of several such hexamers have been investigated, but only with powder samples, since the crystal growth has proven exceedingly difficult. 2 " 5 Powder Rietveld refinements on these materials are severely hampered by the large number of overlapping reflections, preferred orientation, ambiguities in symmetry, etc. Here, we present a crystal structure of the high-temperature polymorph of a -6 T (a-6T/HT), as determined from a single-crystal structure analysis. In this polymorph, the hexamer crystallizes in the smallest unit cell so far reported for this material, but the molecule is flat. Extended Hiickel theory (EHT) band structure calculations show that a -6 T / H T is an indirect gap semiconductor, with the conduction band minimum at Y and the valence band maximum at T. The conduction and valence bands both show a remarkable degree of dispersion along X and Y for a molecular crystal. The electronic band structure of this material is strikingly similar to that of the two-dimensional organic superconductors based on bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET), such as /c-(ET) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 .Structural studies on single crystals of oligomers of thiophene have so far been carried out only for terthienyl 6 and dimethylquaterthienyl. 7 Previous structural studies of the hexamer are all based on the Rietveld method using powder diffraction data. For systems this complicated, the Rietveld refinement has to be strongly constrained, which may cause the refinement to lock in a local minimum and bias the result. It is therefore highly desirable to use single crystals for any structural study. Crystal growth, on the other hand, has proven very difficult, with little success in the past. From the proposed and refined structures of a-hexathienyl, a variety of different monoclinic unit cells have been reported: a = 45.38 A, b = 7.86 A, c = 6.03 A, and f3 = 99.1 °5; a = 5.98 A, b = 7.80 A, c = 50.28 A, and / 3 = 111.3°; or a = 5.67 A, b = 7.80 A, c = 47.2 A, and /3 = 1OO.6 0 . 4 The main difference is in the variation of the longest axis, indicating a different packing of the molecules and even possible conformational departures from planarity. 2 In addition, a mesophase was reported 8 and analyzed. 5 This high-temperature polymorph, obtained by prolonged heating at 307 °C, shows a very different powder pattern than that of sublimed a -6 T . These puzzling facts prompted us to further investigate the various phases of a -6 T .The starting material a -6 T was synthesized differently from most reported synthesis, in a manner pro-ducing the highest-purity and highest-melting material to date. 1 Crystals of a high-temperature polymorph, a-6T/HT, were prepared by controlled melt growth in a special microscope heating stage, permitting melt...

Industrial ecology is a new approach to the industrial design of products and processes and the implementation of sustainable manufacturing strategies. It is a concept in which an industrial system is viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems but in concert with them. Industrial ecology seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgn material to finished material, to component, to product, to waste product, and to ultimate disposal. To better characterize the topic, the National Academy of Sciences convened a colloquium from which were derived a number of salient contributions. This paper sets the stage for the contributions that follow and discusses how each fits into the framework of industrial ecology.

Large (10 to 20 g) macroscopically sound ZnO crystals suitable for preliminary transducer and other studies have been grown hydrothermally at rates of from 10 to 15 mils per day. The factors found to be important in achieving good growth were (1) base concentration of growth solution, (2) temperature difference between dissolving and growth regions, (3) presaturation of growth solution, (4) warm-up procedure, (5) addition of Li+ to the growth solution to suppress dendrite formation, (6) etching to remove seed damage, and (7) nutrient size. Each of the foregoing factors was studied and is discussed.

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