The pharmacological therapy for smoking cessation recommended by National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE) guidelines is nicotine replacement therapy such as gum, inhalator, lozenge, nasal spray, oral spray, sublingual tablet, and transdermal patch. Medications such as bupropion and varenicline are also used. Varenicline is the only established drug used to alleviate symptoms of craving as it acts as a partial nicotine agonist. Galantamine has a similar mechanism of action where it is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic receptor agonist. However, varenicline is the only recommended drug. There are not many studies to illustrate the effectiveness of galantamine for smoking cessation. This article explores the possibility of potential use of galantamine in alleviating the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
IntroductionCardiac Rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary intervention for people after an adverse cardiac event to improve their physical, psychological and social functioning. The risk factors of cardiac disease and dementia are similar. This cross sectional study aims to determine whether adding memory assessment to a cardiac rehabilitation program would improve early detection of cognitive impairment.Methods and AnalysisParticipants will undergo cognitive assessment by using Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-III). The data obtained will be divided into: - 1- Participants who had a history of memory problems before and after the adverse cardiac event. 2-Participants with no history of memory problems before and currently presents with cognitive impairment. 3-Participants with no memory problems before and after the adverse cardiac event.Ethics and disseminationStudy ethical approval has been granted by Sheffield Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/YH/0146) and the NHS Health Research Authority (project reference 273763).
SUMMARY
Hypersexuality is defined under various terms in the DSM and ICD diagnostic classifications. However, it can be challenging to differentiate between hypersexuality as one of the symptoms of a mental disorder and hypersexual disorder as a primary diagnosis. In this article, we explore the physiology, assessment and treatment of hypersexual disorder, and consider its aetiology and epidemiology. In addition, we highlight the paucity of evidence in the literature about licensed or specific pharmacological recommendations for its treatment and the poor awareness of hypersexuality in clinical and research practice. Further research is recommended to identify more precise guidance for the pharmacological management of hypersexuality.
SUMMARY
Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are the two most common types of dementia. It becomes difficult to distinguish between the two, especially when there are no specific genetic causes or vascular changes apparent. The aim of this review was to identify specific biomarkers supporting the diagnosis of vascular dementia by conducting a literature search for systematic reviews and observational studies. We found seven studies meeting our inclusion/exclusion criteria, and from these we identified four specific biomarkers supporting the diagnosis of vascular dementia: high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine and N-terminal prosomatostatin. However, the studies were small and a well-conducted study with larger populations is recommended to strengthen the evidence base.
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