Fire has been a source of global biodiversity for millions of years. However, interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are changing the nature of fire activity and its impacts. We review how such changes are threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of Earth’s biological diversity will be achieved only by recognizing and responding to the critical role of fire. In the Anthropocene, this requires that conservation planning explicitly includes the combined effects of human activities and fire regimes. Improved forecasts for biodiversity must also integrate the connections among people, fire, and ecosystems. Such integration provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society sustains biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.

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The incidence of alien species to invaded host ecosystems has increased in recent years due to climate change and the growth in international trade (Hulme, 2003). The movement of alien species (not native to a specific location, also referred to as introduced or non-native species) has been linked to human activity for millennia due to international trade that favors the accidental introduction of species into new ecosystems (Bradshaw et al., 2016;Hulme, 2009). The association is so strong that key moments in history involving international commerce match alien species redistribution peaks, highlighting the end of the Middle Ages, the industrial

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