Summary Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, and its prevalence has increasing substantially over the last decades. Recent data suggest that there is an increased risk of AF among the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the potential molecular mechanisms regarding DM‐related AF and diabetic atrial remodeling are not fully understood. In this comprehensive review, we would like to summarize the potential relationship between diabetes and atrial remodeling, including structural, electrical, and autonomic remodeling. Also, some upstream therapies, such as thiazolidinediones, probucol, ACEI/ARBs, may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of AF. Therefore, large prospective randomized, controlled trials and further experimental studies should be challengingly continued.
Diabetes is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF); however, the underlying mechanism linking diabetes and AF remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AF and the ROS-mediated downstream events in diabetes. Firstly, the atrial fibroblasts were isolated from the left atrium of rabbits using enzyme digestion and differential adhesion. Then, the isolated cells were identified by morphology analysis under a microscope, collagen distribution using Masson trichrome staining and vimentin by immunofluorescence. Following this, the collected atrial fibroblasts were randomly divided into 7 groups and administered with high glucose (25 mM glucose), H2O2 stimulation (100 nmol/l), glucose + apocynin (100 µg/ml), H2O2 + apocynin, glucose + H2O2, and a combination of glucose, apocynin and H2O2, as well as the negative control (NC). An MTS assay was performed to investigate cell proliferation following the different treatments, and western blotting was conducted to explore the expression of several proteins including NAD(P)H oxidative (NOX) subunits, key factors involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The atrial fibroblasts were spindle-shaped with one or more protuberances. Vimentin was positively expressed in collected cells under confocal laser scanning microscopy. This result indicated that the atrial fibroblasts were successfully prepared. High glucose and H2O2 stimulation significantly increased the proliferation of atrial fibroblasts and apocynin markedly attenuated the promoting effects on cell proliferation induced by high glucose and H2O2 treatment (P<0.05). Additionally, high glucose and H2O2 stimulation increased the expression of Rac1, phospho(p)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, p38, p-p38 and MMP9, which was markedly decreased by the addition of apocynin (P<0.05). The mechanism associated with diabetes and AF may be attributed to oxidative stress (ROS production) derived from NOX activity, and then induced activation of the MAPK signaling pathways and MMP9 expression.
Background Cold conditions can accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and excessive ROS may attack biological macromolecules, disrupt related signal pathways, induce oxidative stress and influence plant metabolism. The cross‐talk between nitric oxide (NO) and abscisic acid (ABA) and the inhibitions by NO or ABA on oxidative damage have been reported in fruits. However, there are few reports about the roles of NO–ABA interactions in chilling stress and antioxidant defense in fruits during cold storage. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of NO, ABA and interactions between NO and ABA in response to chilling stress on peach fruit (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. ‘Xintaihong’). Results Treatments with 15 µmol L−1 NO, 100 µmol L−1 ABA and 15 µmol L−1 NO + 5 mmol L−1 sodium tungstate solution could reduce ROS content, alleviate lipid peroxidation and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant capacities. However, treatments with 5 µmol L−1 potassium 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (c‐PTIO), 5 mmol L−1 sodium tungstate and 100 µmol L−1 ABA + 5 µmol L−1 c‐PTIO differentially blocked these protective effects and significantly increased ROS content and lipid peroxidation of peaches under low‐temperature conditions. Conclusions Application of exogenous ABA could increase the resistance to cold‐induced oxidative stress by enhancing the efficiency of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic systems, which were partially mediated by NO. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The area of sustainable green smart computing highlights key challenges towards reducing cost and carbon dioxide emissions due to the high-energy consumption of Cloud data centres. Here, we focus on the Cloud virtual machine (VM) scheduling that is usually based on simple algorithms, e.g. VM place
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