Notably, many significant breakthroughs for a new generation of supercapacitors have been reported in recent years, related to theoretical understanding, material synthesis and device designs. Herein, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress toward mechanisms, new materials, and novel device designs for supercapacitors. Firstly, fundamental understanding of the mechanism is mainly focused on the relationship between the structural properties of electrode materials and their electrochemical performances based on some in situ characterization techniques and simulations. Secondly, some emerging electrode materials are discussed, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), MXenes, metal nitrides, black phosphorus, LaMnO, and RbAgI/graphite. Thirdly, the device innovations for the next generation of supercapacitors are provided successively, mainly emphasizing flow supercapacitors, alternating current (AC) line-filtering supercapacitors, redox electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors, metal ion hybrid supercapacitors, micro-supercapacitors (fiber, plane and three-dimensional) and multifunctional supercapacitors including electrochromic supercapacitors, self-healing supercapacitors, piezoelectric supercapacitors, shape-memory supercapacitors, thermal self-protective supercapacitors, thermal self-charging supercapacitors, and photo self-charging supercapacitors. Finally, the future developments and key technical challenges are highlighted regarding further research in this thriving field.

The shape and shift of Raman peak of solid organics prove to be capable of revealing atomic and molecular level vibration information of aromatic ring structure and its relationship with sample maturation. Raman "D" peaks and "G" peaks of a series of continuously maturated coal samples were measured, and the inter-peak intervals (GD) and peak height ratios (Dh/Gh) were derived and correlated with the vitrinite reflectance (vR o %) of standard coal samples. As a result, two formulae were established by using the two Raman indices for calculation of Raman reflectance (RmcR o %), which is equivalent to vitrinite reflectance. The formula for calculating Raman reflectance indicative of organic maturation using Raman shift inter-peak interval (GD) is RmcR o %= 0.0537 d(GD)-11.21, which is mainly applicable to matured to highly matured carbonized samples of solid organics; The formula for calculating Raman reflectance indicative of organic maturation using Raman peak height ratio (Dh/Gh) is RmcR o %= 1.1659 h (Dh/Gh)+2.7588, which is mainly applicable to carbonized samples of solid organics that are over matured or going to be turned into granulated graphite. Preliminary applications indicate that Raman reflectance "RmcR o %" calculated based on results of Raman spectral analysis of solid organics can be used to characterize sample maturation at molecular level, so enjoying extensive prospects in geological applications. In petroleum geology and coal petrography, vitrinite reflectance (vR o %) is a generally universal index gauging maturation of hydrocarbon source rocks and coals. However, highly matured to over-matured samples would show extensive variations in vitrinite reflectance due to considerable inhomogeneity, which would affect accurate assessment of sample maturation. Recently, peak D and peak G in Raman scattering of carbon nanotubes and natural solid organics seem to reflect not only structures and performance of carbon nanotubes but also thermal evolution of carboniferous solid organics in geological samples, and temperature and pressure conditions for experimental samples, so attracting extensive attention from the academic communities in the 7] reported the relationships between Raman inter-peak interval (D-G) and peak height ratio (D/G) of pyrolytic products of bitumite and kerogen and maturation of samples, or the temperature and pressure conditions for experimental samples. These authors concluded that

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

In eukaryotes, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic components. The autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) ATG1 and ATG13 form a protein kinase complex that regulates autophagosome formation; however, mechanisms regulating ATG1 and ATG13 remain poorly understood. Here, we show that, under different nutrient conditions, the RING-type E3 ligases SEVEN IN ABSENTIA OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA1 (SINAT1), SINAT2, and SINAT6 control ATG1 and ATG13 stability and autophagy dynamics by modulating ATG13 ubiquitylation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). During prolonged starvation and recovery, ATG1 and ATG13 were degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTOR1a (TRAF1a) and TRAF1b interacted in planta with ATG13a and ATG13b and required SINAT1 and SINAT2 to ubiquitylate and degrade ATG13s in vivo. Moreover, lysines K607 and K609 of ATG13a protein contributed to K48-linked ubiquitylation and destabilization, and suppression of autophagy. Under starvation conditions, SINAT6 competitively interacted with ATG13 and induced autophagosome biogenesis. Furthermore, under starvation conditions, ATG1 promoted TRAF1a protein stability in vivo, suggesting feedback regulation of autophagy. Consistent with ATGs functioning in autophagy, the atg1a atg1b atg1c triple knockout mutants exhibited premature leaf senescence, hypersensitivity to nutrient starvation, and reduction in TRAF1a stability. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that SINAT family proteins facilitate ATG13 ubiquitylation and stability and thus regulate autophagy.

Anode materials with high capacity for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs) are very rarely reported. Here we found that a dual core-shell structured MWCNTs@S@PPy nanocomposite prepared by us shows excellent electrochemical performance. Its initial discharge capacity in a saturated LiAc aqueous electrolyte is very high, which is up to 481 mA h g based on the weight of the composite and 879 mA h g based on the sulfur content. It shows excellent rate capability. When nanotube LiMnO is used as a cathode, the assembled ARLB can deliver an energy density of 110 Wh kg based on two electrodes and show excellent cycling. These results show great promise for the practical application of ARLBs.