Since
highly stretchable hydrogels have demonstrated their promising
applications in flexible tactile sensors and wearable devices, the
current challenge has been imposed on stretchable and multifunctional
electronics. Here, we report a multifunctional sensor composed of
a liquid metal (LM) nanodroplet-adhered self-assembled polymeric network,
anionic carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and cationic polyacrylamide
(PAAm). The synergistic effect, zeta potential reduction, by CMC and
macromolecules enveloped by LM contributes to the stabilization of
the ternary system during preparation and, thus, the homogenization
of the products. By engineering and optimizing the ternary hybrid
hydrogels, excellent extensibility (tensile strain near 300%), readily
reversible hysteresis loops, and accessible deformability (low modulus
of 104 Pa) are afforded. The fabricated sensor exhibits
a high tensile strain gauge factor of around 0.7 and a high compressive
stress sensitivity of up to 0.12 kPa–1, a fast response
time below 125 ms, and a high stability and precision in usage. In
a series of practical scenarios, the assembled sensor displays distinguished
abilities to monitor bodily motions, record electrocardiograms, authenticate
handwriting, discern temperature, and infer materials, making them
highly promising for multifunctional intelligent soft sensing.
Elastic polyion hydrogels (EPIH) as pressure sensors require to be microstructurally modified or micropatterned to improve the sensitivity of the parallel-plate sensing configurations. In this work, we designed a novel...
High-quality MAPbX
3 (X = I, Br, Cl) single crystals with a desirable size were grown through an inverse temperature crystallization method. Systematically measurements of current–voltage (I–V) hysteresis show that the hysteresis is strongly dependent on the measuring protocol, including scan rate and light illumination condition, which reveals the competition of three main factors that influence the charge dynamics in different regimes, defect trap, MA+ dipoles rotation, and ion migration. In the dark, defect trapping is the dominant charge transport dynamics at low bias in the MAPbI3, while the MA+ dipole rotation is significant in MAPbBr3, and ion migration occurs in MAPbCl3. However, as bias increases, MA+ dipole rotation plays a crucial role in the conductivity either in the dark or under light illumination. The time-dependent photoresponse exhibits different tendencies under various biases. The slow rising dynamics of photoresponse in MAPbX
3 is attributed to the slow rotation of MA+ dipoles, while an immediate overshoot followed by a decay suggests significant ion migration contribution at high external bias. The results serve as comprehensive experimental support to understand the hysteresis behaviors and slow photoresponse in MAPbX
3, particularly in MAPbCl3, and provide a guide for future work in MAPbX
3 based optoelectronic devices.
Stretchable photoelectric devices combining mechano- and thermo-chromic liquid crystals (LCs) with triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) assembly are showing great application prospects as wearable biomotion energy harvester and optically visualized, multifunctional sensors...
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