Infection and inflammation pathways regulated by lncRNAs were determined as the predominant pathogenetic factors underlying the SA. Finding that antisense lncRNAs have been either up- or down-regulated suggests that they may have both cis- and trans-regulations.
Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a rare congenital malformation with varying degrees of early gestational developmental failure. It is characterized by agenesis of the sacrum and lumbar spine, with lower limb neurological deficit and accompanying deformities of the pelvis, lower extremities, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal systems. We report a case of CRS associated with rare complex congenital heart defect, that is, heterotaxy syndrome, diagnosed prenatally.
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric illness observed worldwide, and reduced interest in exploration is one of its symptoms. The control of dysregulated medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) over the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is related to depression. However, the oscillation interaction in the mPFC-BLA circuit has remained elusive. Therefore, this study used phase–amplitude coupling (PAC), which provides complicated forms of information transmission by the phase of low-frequency rhythm, modulating the amplitude of high-frequency rhythm, and has a potential application for the treatment of neurological disease. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to prepare the rat models of depression. Moreover, multichannel in vivo recording was applied to obtain the local field potentials (LFPs) of the mPFC, the BLA in rats in control, and CUMS groups, while they explored the open field. The results showed prominent coupling between the phase of theta oscillation (4–12 Hz) in the mPFC and the amplitude of high-gamma oscillation (70–120 Hz) in the BLA. Compared to the control group, this theta–gamma PAC was significantly decreased in the CUMS group, which was accompanied by the diminished exploratory behaviour. The results indicate that the coupling between the phase of theta in the mPFC and the amplitude of gamma in the BLA is involved in exploratory behaviour, and this decreased coupling may inhibit exploratory behaviour of rats exposed to CUMS.
IntroductionDepression is a mental disorder characterized by aberrant exploratory behavior. Environmental factors, such as chronic stress, are commonly used to induce depression-like behavior in rodent models. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are crucial sites in subjects with chronic stress-induced depression. The transmission of amplitude information from the mPFC to the BLA was abated during exploratory behavior in depressive rats; however, the nature of the phase interaction between these two sites remains unknown.MethodsWe used chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to model depression in rats and acquired local field potentials (LFPs) via multiple electrodes implanted in the mPFC and the BLA while rats (both the control and CUMS groups, respectively) were allowed to explore freely in an open field. The weighted phase lag index (WPLI) within the mPFC and the BLA and phase transfer entropy (PTE) from the mPFC to BLA were computed for two groups of rats (control and CUMS rats) to quantify the phase information transmission.ResultsRats subjected to CUMS showed a decrease in exploratory behavior. The WPLI within the mPFC and the BLA showed strikingly higher phase synchrony at theta frequencies (4–12 Hz) than other frequency bands during exploratory behavior in both the control and CUMS groups. The results of theta PTE from the mPFC to BLA showed that PTE was significantly decreased in the CUMS group compared with the control group.DiscussionsThese findings demonstrated that attenuated phase information transfer might restrain exploratory behavior in CUMS rats.
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